Antiviral (root); as a tonic and stimulant in low fevers and as an emmenagogue (bark); ascarifuge (stem bark); antiscorbutic and astringent (leaves); deobstruent, carminative, diuretic, lithontriptic, and stomachic (fruits); purgative, diuretic and tonic (seed)

Antiseptic and antiasthmatic (leaf and flower); lowers blood sugar (leaf); antihydrotic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, cholagogue, galactofuge, stimulant, tonic, vasodilator, laxative, alleviates spasms and reduces fever and nausea (plant); kills insects and carminative (essential oil).

Anthelmintic, diuretic, astringent, stimulates the central nervous system, antihepatotoxic and hypothermic (plant); antidiarrheal and alleviates spasms (seed); relieves toothache pain (leaf).

Antispasmodic, astringent and carminative (plant); antispasmodic, appetizer, aromatic, astringent, balsamic, carminative, pectoral and tonic (whole plant and leaves)

Astringent (fruit pulp); stomachic, carminative, antispasmodic and tonic (root)

Astringent, refrigerant, styptic and tonic (leaves); anodyne, astringent, diuretic, febrifuge, haemostatic, tonic and vulnerary (root)

Anodyne, astringent, diuretic, febrifuge, haemostatic, tonic and vulnerary (root)

Alterative, antibacterial, antiseptic, astringent, carminative, disinfectant, diuretic, expectorant, hemostatic, refrigerant, sedative, stimulant.

Diuretic and sedative (essential oil); anticancer, anticatarrhal, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, digestive, diuretic, laxative, stomachic, sudorific and vermifuge (plant); antiseptic and carminative (flower)

Astringent, antibacterial, diuretic, digestive stimulant, tonic, antiviral and wound healer (plant); a mild laxative and diuretic (sap).

Antibacterial, anticancer, antiseptic, antiviral, aphrodisiac, astringent, diuretic, stimulant.

An excellent tonic and restorative, helping in stressful times and increasing zest for life; antitussive, aphrodisiac, hepatic, astringent, cardiotonic, cholagogue, expectorant, hypotensive, lenitive, nervine, pectoral, sedative, stimulant, tonic, regulates the cardiovascular system (fruit); antirheumatic (plant)

Antitussive, aphrodisiac, hepatic, astringent, cardiotonic, cholagogue, expectorant, hypotensive, lenitive, nervine, pectoral, sedative, stimulant and tonic (fruit); antirheumatic (plant); anticancer (seed)

Astringent (bark); antiinflammatory and stimulates the growth of hair (kernel oil); stimulates the central nervous system (aerial part).

Astringent, laxative, tonic, cooling and diuretic (tubers)

Diuretic and astringent (tuber); antimicrobial (rhizome)

Inhibit HIV infection in human T lymphocyte cells and mononuclear phagocytic lineage cells; anodyne, antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, astringent, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, haemostatic, laxative, nervine, mildly sedative, stomachic and tonic (roots)

Counteracts hyperactivity due to amphetamines and alleviates spasms (aerial part); laxative (leaf); astringent and purgative (root)

Abortifacient, astringent, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, hypotensive, laxative, rubefacient, vermifuge and vulnerary (plant)

Astringent, aphrodisiac, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue and expectorant (plant); coolant and astringent (juice of the plant).