Emetic; laxative and antibilious (pod decoction); diuretic (aerial part); hemolytic; alleviates spasms and spermicidal (bark); antimalarial (leaf); spermicidal activity; expectorant; aperient.

As a febrifuge, tonic, antiperiodic, antidysenteric, emmenagogue, anticholeric, vulnerary, antiamoebic, and antimalarial (bark); antiseptic (leaves)

As antiperiodic, antiseptic, digestive and febrifuge (leaves); antimalarial (plant)

Antibacterial, antifeedant, antileishmanic, antimalarial, aphrodisiac, bradycardic, bronchospasmogenic, cardiovascular, convulsant, CNS Stimulant, cytotoxic, desmutagenic, emetic, euphoric, hallucinogen, hyperkinetic, laxative, phototoxic, protisticide, psychotropic, respiradepressant, spinodepressant, telepathic, tremorigenic, uteroactive, vermifuge (Ayahuasca)

Purgative (roots); astringent, anthelmintic, analgesic, antipyretic, and antimalarial (seeds); emmenagogue and laxative (leaves)

Antimalarial (plant and bark); antiarrhythmic and cardiotonic (plant); antipyretic, stringent and antiseptic (bark); antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, antispasmodic, bitter digestive aid, cardiotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the heart).

Antimalarial, antihepatotoxic and tonic (rootstock)

Antibacterial, antifungal, hypotensive, antitumor, astringent, diuretic, hepatic and tonic (fruit); astringent, antimalarial and tonic (stem bark); antibacterial, diuretic, hypotensive and a urinary antiseptic (plant)

Antibacterial, antifungal, hypotensive, antitumor, astringent, diuretic, hepatic and tonic (fruit); astringent, antimalarial and tonic (stem bark); antibacterial, diuretic, hypotensive and a urinary antiseptic (plant).

Anti-inflammatory (pounded rhizome); diuretic (decoction of whole plant); decongestant, antipyretic, antiinflammatory, analgesic, antimalarial (whole plant).

The leaves, and the essential oil they contain, are antiseptic, antispasmodic, expectorant, febrifuge and stimulant. Its antiseptic properties confer some antimalarial action; carminative, alleviates spasms, antiperiodic, antiseptic, aromatic, deodorant, expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, stimulant and fungitoxic (leaf); antibacterial and stimulates the cardiovascular system (aerial part); antiseptic (mainly in skin diseases and for upper respiratory infections), stimulant and expectorant (essential oil); antipyretic (bark and leaf).

Ayurveda uses its roots as abortifacient, acrid, alexiteric, anthelmintic, antipyretic, bitter, depurative, digestive, emetic, expectorant, gastrointestinal irritant, purgative, rejuvenative, stomachic, thermogenic, tonic, in dealing debility, dyspepsia, flatulence, haemorrhoids, helminthiasis, inflammations, in promoting labour pain and expulsion of the placenta; stimulates uterine contractions (fresh plant juice and rhizome); antimalarial and laxative (tuber).

Anticancer,depurative, emmenagogue, febrifuge, laxative, narcotic and alleviates spasms (plant); anti-malarial (seeds); rheumatic affections (leaves)

Stimulant, antimalarial, antirheumatic and diaphoretic (bark); toxic (wood).

Its various parts have antihelmintic, antimalarial, cathartic, emetic and emmenagogic properties. Bark is anthelmintic, and in large doses narcotic and emetic.

Anthelminthic, antibacterial, anticancer, antiedemic, anti-HIV, antiinflammatory, antileukemic, antimalarial, antimelanomic, antinociceptive, antiplasmodial, antiseptic, antitumor, antiviral, aphrodisiac, apoptotic, cytotoxic, depurative, phospholipase-A2 inhibitor (flowers, pods, seeds and roots).

Antimalarial (dried bark).

Anticancer, antiviral, alleviates spasms, antimalarial, antifertility and decreases sperm numbers (fruit); light, acrid, cooling and astringent (plant)