Antiexudative, antiinflammatory, cardiodepressant, depurative, detergent, expectorant, hemolytic, hepatotoxic, hypocholesterolemic, immunostimulant, laxative, lipolytic, respiradepressant, spermicide and sternutator (bark).

Hypotensive (EtOH leaf extract) and toxic to livestock (leaf).

Anthelmintic, diuretic, astringent, stimulates the central nervous system, antihepatotoxic and hypothermic (plant); antidiarrheal and alleviates spasms (seed); relieves toothache pain (leaf).

Anticholinergic, antispasmodic, bitter, cerebrosedative, diuretic, hypnotic, intoxicant, mydriatic, myorelaxant, narcotic, parasympatholytic, positive chronotropic, positive dromotropic, sedative and toxic (dried root)

Ophthalmic (leaf juice); carcinogenic, emmenagogue, hepatotoxic, mutagenic.

Carcinogenic, hemostat, hepatotoxic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive.

Antihemorrhagic, pungent, demulcent, antispasmodic and antihepatotoxic (seed); sudorific, aperient, diaphoretic and gentle laxative (leaf); astringent, bitter, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, hepatic, stimulant, stomachic and tonic (plant)

Antiemetic, aphrodisiac, astringent, cardiac tonic, carminative, cordial, resolvent (root); anticancer and stimulates the cardiovascular system (plant); expectorant and carminative (root and plant); toxic, laxative and digestive (fruits).

Antiabortive, cyanogenetic, emollient, intoxicant, and poison; demulcent and diuretic (seed); astringent and haemostatic (inflorescence).

Antifeedant, cardiac, cardiotonic, hypertensive, positive inotropic, narcotic, sedative, soporific, tonic, toxic and vermifuge.

Antidiarrheal, astringent, anti-inflammatory and reduces fever (root); stimulates the cardiovascular system, alleviates spasms and cytotoxic (plant); inhibits effects of adrenergic chemicals (aerial part).

All parts of the plant, except the fleshy fruit, are antispasmodic, cardiotonic, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, narcotic and purgative; cardiotonic and abortifacient (leaf); anticancer (bark); “hypothesmic activity” (aerial part); antispasmodic and sedative (fruit and leaf); narcotic and toxic (leaf. young aerial part and shoot)

Antirheumatic, diuretic and anthelmintic (root); antihepatotoxic, stimulates the central nervous system, antiprotozoal, purifies the blood and analgesic (plant).

Alterative, analgesic, antiaggregant, antiedemic, antiexudative, antiinflammatory, antiprostaglandin, antispasmodic, antitumor, astringent, carcinogenic, carminative, collyrium, decongestant, digestive, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, fumitory, hemostatic , hepatotoxic, hypotensive, immunostimulant, insecticide, lactagogue, laxativ, lymphotonic, myorelaxant, nervine, antidote, proteolytic, sedative, stimulant, tonic, vasodilator and vulnerary (plant);

Diuretic, toxic, antirheumatic, antiscrophulatic, depurative, detergent and tonic (plant) and astringent.

Antivinous, bilious, demulcent, discutient, diuretic, emollient, excipient, intoxicant, laxative, useful as a poultice, restorative, sedative

Analgesic, antiaging, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, apoptotic, astringent, blood tonic, cerebrotonic, depurative, detoxicant, emmenagogue, hypocholesterolemic, memorigenic, neuronogenic.

Abortifacient, adaptogen, antibiotic, astringent, deobstruent, narcotic, sedative, tonic, antitumor, stimulates the central nervous system, antihepatotoxic, antiinflammatory and antimicrobial (leaf); stimulates the secretion and/or flow of milk (plant); hypnotic (sedative), aphrodisiac, diuretic, antispasmodic, stimulates the immune system.

Anthelmintic and antibacterial (fruit’s essential oil); kills insects and toxic (to fish) (seed and bark); carminative (seed); carminative, stomachic and anthelmintic (bark, fruit, seed).