Analgesic, aperitif, astringent, cardiac, diaphoretic, digestive, emmenagogue, odontalgic, sialagogue, sternutatory and styptic (leaves)

Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, antitussive, diuretic, expectorant, nervine, sialagogue, stomachic, nervous stimulant and tonic (root); refrigerant (a drink made from plant).

Antirheumatic, antiseptic, diaphoretic, digestive, irritant, rubefacient, sialagogue, tonic, rubefacient, irritant, carminative, stimulates the secretion of saliva and gastric juices, stimulates peristalsis of the stomach and lowers blood cholesterol (fruit). It reduces the likelihood of developing, atherosclerosis by reducing blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels. It also reduces the platelet aggregation and increases fibrinolytic activity.

As rubefacient, antihaemorrhoidal, antirheumatic, antiseptic, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, sialagogue and stomachic (fruit); counterirritant (plant)

Adaptogen, appetizer, digestive, galactogogue, sialagogue, stomachic and tonic (root, whole plant)

Depurative, diuretic and febrifuge (root); antitussive and sialagogue (stem)

Appetizer, sialagogue; astringent and styptic (stem bark); antitussive, astringent, laxative, nutritive and stomachic (fruit)

Abortifacient, carcinogenic, emetic, immunostimulant, irritant, laxative, rubefacient, sialagogue, toxic and vesicant.

Emetic, diuretic and cathartic (dried root); alterative, anti-inflammatory, cathartic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and sialagogue (root)

Analeptic, analgesic, antiacetylcholinesterase, , antibutylcholinesterase, anticholinesterase, anticurare, antimyasthenic, antineurotic, bradycardic, cholinergic, CNS inhibitor, emetic, emollient, hypnotic, insecticide, memorigenic, myocontractant, myoneurostimulant, peristaltic, secretagogue, sedative and sialagogue (plant)

Analeptic, analgesic, antiacetylcholinesterase, antibutylcholinesterase, anticholinesterase, anticurare, antimyasthenic, antineurotic, bradycardic, cholinergic, CNS Inhibitor, emetic, emollient, hypnotic, insecticide, memorigenic, myocontractant, myoneurostimulant, peristaltic, secretagogue, sedative and sialagogue (plant)

Used as anesthetic, arrhythmogenic, cardiotoxic, cyanogenic, emetic, sialagogue and vermifuge.

Diuretic, febrifuge and sialagogue (roots); diuretic (leaves)

Abortifacient, aromatic, astringent, emmenagogue and stomachic (leaves); antioxidant, antiviral, astringent, bactericide, diuretic, emetic, errhine, expectorant, fungicide, hepatoprotective, insecticide, insecticide, narcotic, sedative, sialagogue, stimulant, stomachic, toxic and vermifuge (plant)

Medicinally it is used as a sedative, diuretic, expectorant, discutient, and sialagogue, and internally only as an emetic, when all other emetics fail. The leaves are antispasmodic, discutient, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, irritant, narcotic, sedative and sialagogue.

Antiemetic, antiphlogistic, expectorant, febrifuge, sialagogue and styptic (root); analgesic, antiemetic, anticancer and sedative (plant extract).

Antidote, antiinflammatory, antispasmodic, cathartic, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, secretagogue, secretolytic, sialagogue, stimulant and tonic (root); abortifacient (bark infusion)

Cardiotonic, sialagogue, stimulant and tonic (roots)

Antibacterial, antipyretic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, cholagogue, cooling, pectoral, sialagogue and vermifuge (unripe fruit); antispasmodic, carminative and febrifuge (half ripe smoke fruits)