Antipyretic, analgesic and rubefacient (plant); hypoglycemic (root)

Carminative, rubefacient, stimulant (leaves or flowering stems); stimulant, carminative, and emmenagogue (oil); relaxant, stimulant, diffusive (plant); abortifacient, allergenic, analgesic, anesthetic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, decongestant, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, nervine.

Astringent, balsamic, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant and vulnerary (bark); antiseptic, balsamic, diuretic, haemostatic, rubefacient and vermifuge (resin)

Alexeteric, antibilious, antipyretic, demulcent, depurative, hypocholesterolemic, rubefacient, vulnerary.

Abortifacient, antipyretic, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, digestive and vermifuge; anthelmintic, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, rubefacient and stimulant (leaves and flowering stems)

Carminative, stomachic, abortifacient, cardiac tonic, rubefacient, stimulant, aphrodisiac, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, diuretic. The seeds are used as antibacterial, anticholeric and anti-viral agents.

Antibiotic, antiseptic, balsamic, expectorant and sedative (buds, leaves and resin); rubefacient and stimulant (pitch or resin from trunk).

Analgesic, anesthetic, anticonvulsant, antioxidant, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antiviral, candidicide, carminative, depurative, digestive, fungicide, hypotensive, irritant, larvicide, parasiticide, rubefacient, stimulant, stomachic and tonic.

Allergenic, analgesic, antipyretic, antiseptic, carminative, digestive, expectorant, rubefacient, stimulant, stomachic.

Anodyne and stimulant (seed); antiseptic, diuretic, rubefacient and vermifuge (resin)

Rubefacient, expectorant, antiseptic, diuretic and vermifuge (oil); diaphoretic and stimulant (wood)

Antiseptic, diuretic, rubefacient and vermifuge (turpentine obtained from the resin); demulcent, diuretic and expectorant (dried inner bark)

Antirheumatic, antiseptic, balsamic, diuretic, expectorant, rubefacient and vermifuge (turpentine from the resin); antiseptic, diuretic and expectorant (leaves and young shoots); diuretic and respiratory-stimulant (seed essential oil)

Antiseptic, diuretic, rubefacient and vermifuge.

Used as rubefacient and counter-irritant.

Diuretic, stimulant, carminative, antifungal, antibacterial, kills certain larvae and tapeworms and stimulates the secretion of gastric juices (fruit); lowers blood pressure (leaf), abortifacient, antiinflammatory and rubefacient.

Rubefacient (oil)

Acrid, anodyne, antispasmodic, antidiarrheal, antihermorrhagic, diaphoretic, rubefacient (plant); sedative (plant sap)

Acrid, anodyne, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, rubefacient (whole plant)

Acrid, anodyne, antispasmodic, diaphoretic and emmenagogue and rubefacient (whole plant); antirheumatic (leaves, root)