Acts as vermifuge and diuretic (fruits); purgative (root decoction)

Cathartic, slightly diaphoretic, a mild and efficient emetic, expectorant and tonic (dried powdered root bark); strongly laxative and emetic (tea from whole plant); tonic, emetic, a cathartic, expectorant, purgative, tonic emetic, and expectorant (root).

Anthelmintic and febrifuge (stem bark); anthelmintic and antifebrile (root bark); antipruritic (thorns on the plant); antibacterial, antifungal, antitussive, astringent, emetic, expectorant, haemostatic and stimulant (fruit); emetic, expectorant, decongestant and purgative (seed);

Ayurveda uses its roots as abortifacient, acrid, alexiteric, anthelmintic, antipyretic, bitter, depurative, digestive, emetic, expectorant, gastrointestinal irritant, purgative, rejuvenative, stomachic, thermogenic, tonic, in dealing debility, dyspepsia, flatulence, haemorrhoids, helminthiasis, inflammations, in promoting labour pain and expulsion of the placenta; stimulates uterine contractions (fresh plant juice and rhizome); antimalarial and laxative (tuber).

Stimulant and resolvent (root extract); purgative (root juice)

Antiseptic, cytotoxic, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, insecticide, purgative.

Anthelmintic, cardiac, cathartic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, irritant, violently narcotic and a drastic purgative (root)

Antiseptic, aphrodisiac, astringent, cholagogue, demulcent, digestive, purgative and resolvent (whole plant); emollient, diuretic, refrigerant, antiscorbutic and sedative (decoction of whole plant); emollient (leaves); antiscorbutic (fruits); diuretic, laxative and tonic (seeds).

Diaphoretic, expectorant, febrifuge and tonic (leaves); emetic and purgative (berries); diuretic (root)

Acts as a purgative (leaves or young tops)

Alleviates spasms (50% EtOH plant extract); purgative (dried juice); Hypoglycaemic (plant)

Purgative (decoction of root)

Purgative (tubers)

The root is diuretic, emetic, expectorant and mildly purgative. Induces a decline in smooth muscle activity (in vitro) and alleviates spasms (aqueous plant extract); promotes nasal discharge and reduces fever (rhizome).

Diuretic, aperient, deobstruent and purgative (root); sedative type of effect on the heart (e.g.. reduces force of the contraction and the heart rate).

Laxative (leaf) and antibiotic (saline extract of shoot); purgative, antihelminthic and abortifacient (seeds)

Antibiotic, antidote, diuretic, emetic, febrifuge, lithontripic, odontalgic, poultice, purgative, vermifuge.

Laxative (leaf and bark);astringent, stimulant and febrifuge (root); stimulates the cardiovascular system (including the heart),spasmogenic and antiviral (aerial part); purgative, deobstruent and diuretic (leaves); stimulant and febrifuge (bark)

Euphoric, purgative and vermifuge (plant)

Antiasthmatic, antitussive, diuretic and purgative. The seed is also cardiotonic (seed); expectorant (root); antibacterial (plant)