Laxative (resin and root) and antiinflammatory (root); purgative (root-bark)

Aphrodisiac, contraceptive, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, estrogenic, expectorant, laxative, pectoral, purgative, refrigerant

Emetic and purgative (latex); laxative and are taken as a liver tonic to enrich the blood (fruit).

Anti-inflammatory and antiviral (plant); alterative, anodyne, anti-inflammatory, cathartic, expectorant, hypnotic, narcotic and purgative (root); anodyne and anti-inflammatory (dried root); cathartic, emetic and expectorant (leaves).

Astringent, demulcent, mildly expectorant, haemostatic, ophthalmic and antibiotic (leaf); Diuretic, hypothermic and antibacterial (plant); vulnerary, alterative, astringent and antiinflammatory (root and leaf); ; diuretic, purgative and haemostatic (seeds)

The leaves are anthelmintic, diuretic and emollient. The whole plant is anthelmintic, antiphlogistic and diuretic. The juice of the plant is weakly diuretic, expectorant and vasoconstrictor. The seeds are emetic and purgative.

Alterative, anthelmintic, cholagogue, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, pectoral, purgative, tonic (root)

Cathartic, depurative, diuretic, laxative and violently purgative (berries)

Pungent and bitter, increases secretion and discharge of urine, purgative, astringent.

Anticholesterolemic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitumor, aperient, astringent, cholagogue, demulcent, diuretic, laxative, purgative, stomachic and tonic (root)

Anticholesterolemic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitumor, aperient, astringent, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, antitumour, cholagogue, demulcent, diuretic, laxative, purgative, stomachic and tonic (root).

Cathartic, diuretic, emmenagogue, laxative, purgative and stomachic (root)

Alterative, antiseptic, astringent, galactogogue, haemostatic, rubefacient and tonic (bark or root bark); appetizer, astringent, diuretic and emetic (tea made from the roots); diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, purgative and refrigerant (berries)

Antiviral (root); as a tonic and stimulant in low fevers and as an emmenagogue (bark); ascarifuge (stem bark); antiscorbutic and astringent (leaves); deobstruent, carminative, diuretic, lithontriptic, and stomachic (fruits); purgative, diuretic and tonic (seed)

Antiphlogistic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant and laxative (leaves); diaphoretic, mildly diuretic and a drastic purgative (root).

Diuretic and purgative (barks and leaves); diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, laxative (plant)

Antiinflammatory (especially of the bronchial tubes), expectorant, diuretic, diaphoretic and purgative (leaf); diuretic and hypotensive (leaf extract).

Alterative, antiscrophulatic, cholagogue, depurative, diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, expectorant, galactogogue, purgative, sternutatory and tonic (Whole plant and root);

Counteracts hyperactivity due to amphetamines and alleviates spasms (aerial part); laxative (leaf); astringent and purgative (root)

Dysmenorrhoea and amenorrhoea and also as a diaphoretic, tonic, anthelmintic, antiscorbutic, diuretic, emmenagogue and purgative (plant)