Febrifuge (leaf, stem); antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, antifungal, depurative, emollient, expectorant and laxative (fruit); antitussive, emollient and expectorant (seed); antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, febrifuge, galactogogue, laxative, oxytocic, sialagogue and uterine tonic (root)

Aanodyne, antiphlogistic, blood purifier, depurative, febrifuge, resolvent, diuretic and galactagogue (root); vermifuge (seed); bechic and expectorant (roots and seeds).

Alterative, analgesic, antiaggregant, antiedemic, antiexudative, antiinflammatory, antiprostaglandin, antispasmodic, antitumor, astringent, carcinogenic, carminative, collyrium, decongestant, digestive, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, fumitory, hemostatic , hepatotoxic, hypotensive, immunostimulant, insecticide, lactagogue, laxativ, lymphotonic, myorelaxant, nervine, antidote, proteolytic, sedative, stimulant, tonic, vasodilator and vulnerary (plant);

Antiseptic, aphrodisiac, astringent, expectorant, tonic, uterine tonic (root); antispasmodic, emetic, emmenagogue.

Kills bacteria, antifungal, antiseptic, aperient, depurative, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative and stimulant (leaves); antibiotic (plant)

Diuretic, sedative, antirheumatic, antidiarrheal and astringent (leaf); inhibits peristalsis of rabbit intestines (leaf essential oil); mild hemolytic (flower); alleviates spasms and expectorant (leaf and flower).

The root has stimulant, alternative, antirheumatic properties; antiinflammatory (plant); diaphoretic, emetic and expectorant, antiallergic (leaf); anticancer (stem and leaf).

Astringent, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, tonic, vulnerary.

Antioxidant, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, nutritive (inner bark); abortifacient (whole bark)

Emollient, refrigerant and styptic (leaves); maturative (flowers); pectoral and expectorant in dry coughs (decoction of flowers); vermifuge (decoction of seeds).

Heart stimulant, anthelmintic, alexiteric, expectorant, cardiac, diuretic deobstruent and emmenagogue (bulb) and cyanogenetic (plant); aids in removing any obstructions to secretion or excretion (in the body) and expectorant.

Cardiotonic, strongly diuretic, emetic, when taken in large doses and expectorant, hypotensive (bulb)

Bitter, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, nervine and stimulant (root); antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, emmenagogue, diaphoretic and stimulant (plant)

Sedative and kills bacteria (rhizome and root), alleviates spasms and expectorant (root), antibacterial (essential oil), antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic, hypnotic, nervine, stimulant.

Tonic, carminative and expectorant; acrid and used as an alexipharmic (bark).

Analgesic, anthelmintic, cathartic, emetic, errhine, expectorant, hypnotic and sternutatory (roots)

Analgesic, diaphoretic, emetic, expectorant, febrifuge, narcotic and sedative (root); abortifacient, antipyretic, antispasmodic, arteriosedative, cardiosedative, decongestant, diuretic, hepatotonic, hypotensive, insecticide, nephrotonic, sedative, tranquilizer.

Expectorant, soothing and healing (all acting together), kills bacteria, antiinflammatory and mildly antispasmodic and diuretic; anodyne, antiseptic, astringent, demulcent, emollient, expectorant and vulnerary (flowers and leaves);

Alterative, astringent, mildly diuretic, mildly expectorant, stomachic and tonic (leaves and roots)

Diuretic, expectorant, tonic