Achic, anodyne, antispasmodic, tonic, diuretic, emmenagogue, emetic (plant); anticancer, stimulant and carminative (flower); sedative, antiinflammatory and antidiuretic (oil).

Anthelmintic and hypoglycemic (50% EtOH stem bark extract); nutritious, astringent and bitter (leaves); tonic, astringent, febrifuge, anti-diuretic (stem bark).

Digestive, diuretic, expectorant, poultice and stimulant (fresh plant)

Antidysenteric and reduces fever (seed); diuretic and stimulates the cardiovascular system (aerial part).

Astringent, demulcent, diuretic and refrigerant (herb)

Aperient, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, nervine, stimulant, tonic, increases nerve strength (fruit); anticonvulsant, tranquillizing and antifungal (essential seed oil); potent aphrodisiac (seed); antigalactogogue, antiseptic.

Analgesic, anticonvulsant, antidote, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, contraceptive, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, hydragogue, lactagogue, laxative, narcotic, tonic (plant); cardiotonic, cathartic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and expectorant (roots)

Cardiotonic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and expectorant (root)

Cardiotonic, diuretic and hypotensive (leaves or the whole herb)

Stomachic, stimulant, aphrodisiac, tonic, diuretic and tranquillizer (wood)

Astringent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, parasiticide (leaves, root, seed)

Analgesic, antiinflammatory, carminative, diuretic, febrifuge, stimulant, stomachic and tonic (root)

Alterative, diaphoretic, diuretic, pectoral and stimulant (root)

Alterative, diaphoretic, diuretic, pectoral and stimulant (root)

Astringent, diuretic, renal antiseptic (leaves, bark, root)

Kills fungi, antiseptic, diaphoretic, diuretic and one of the best plants for purifying the blood and eliminating toxins from the body, stimulant, tonic, anodyne, anti-scorbutic, aperient, diaphoretic and diuretic

Astringent, diuretic and an antiseptic (dried leaves)

Antiseptic, astringent, diuretic, lithontripic, hypnotic and tonic (leaves)

Laxative, aphrodisiac, digestive, astringent, diuretic, stimulant, cardiotonic, emmenagogue, antimicrobial and anthelmintic; freshens breath and strengthens gums (paste).

Antitussive, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge, hemolytic (plant)