Antiphlogistic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant and laxative (leaves); diaphoretic, mildly diuretic and a drastic purgative (root).

Antiinflammatory, slightly diuretic and laxative, antiseptic and diaphoretic (flower); laxative, diuretic and diaphoretic (leaves); laxative and diuretic (berries)

Diuretic and purgative (barks and leaves); diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, laxative (plant)

Antiinflammatory (especially of the bronchial tubes), expectorant, diuretic, diaphoretic and purgative (leaf); diuretic and hypotensive (leaf extract).

Alterative, antiscrophulatic, cholagogue, depurative, diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, expectorant, galactogogue, purgative, sternutatory and tonic (Whole plant and root);

Analgesic and diaphoretic (root)

Antipyretic and diaphoretic.

Carminative, anthelmintic, diaphoretic, stimulant and antiprotozoal (fruit); hypoglycemic (stem and fruit).

Astringent, aphrodisiac, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue and expectorant (plant); coolant and astringent (juice of the plant).

Dysmenorrhoea and amenorrhoea and also as a diaphoretic, tonic, anthelmintic, antiscorbutic, diuretic, emmenagogue and purgative (plant)

Stimulates the cardiovascular system, hypoglycemic, antiseptic, alleviates spasms, antiviral, diaphoretic, antiscorbutic and sialagogue (plant)

As renal tonic, stomachic and cardiotonic (leaf sap); anodyne, alterative (for blood pressure), laxative, antiphlogistic, diaphoretic, antiscorbutic, sialagogic and anthelmintic (whole plant).

Alterative, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, hepatic, stimulant, styptic and tonic (root)

Antihemorrhagic, pungent, demulcent, antispasmodic and antihepatotoxic (seed); sudorific, aperient, diaphoretic and gentle laxative (leaf); astringent, bitter, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, hepatic, stimulant, stomachic and tonic (plant)

Astringent, bitter, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, hepatic, stimulant, stomachic and tonic (whole plant);

Antibacterial, antifungal, appetizer, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, rubefacient and stimulant (seed)

Alterative, demulcent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, stimulant and tonic (root)

The root is alterative, antiscrophulatic, carminative, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic and tonic.

The whole plant is antiperiodic, antiphlogistic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, febrifuge, narcotic, purgative and sedative; diuretic (leaf); extracts of the plant are analgesic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and vasodilator.

Diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and antiseptic (plant); analgesic, astringent and febrifuge (blossoms); anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, aromatic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, febrifuge and stimulant (leaves and flowering tops)