Astringent, cardiac tonic, diuretic, aphrodisiac

Anthelmintic, cardiac, cathartic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, irritant, violently narcotic and a drastic purgative (root)

Mild diuretic, cardiotonic and sedative; tonic, antispasmodic, diuretic, analgesic and emmenagogue. Antispasmodic, astringent, cardiac, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, nervine, sedative, stomachic, tonic and uterine stimulant (leaves)

Carminative, stomachic, abortifacient, cardiac tonic, rubefacient, stimulant, aphrodisiac, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, diuretic. The seeds are used as antibacterial, anticholeric and anti-viral agents.

Expectorant, stomachic, diuretic, antiseptic and cardiac stimulant, febrifuge (root).

Antidote, arsenic, antidote, antipyretic, antiscorbutic, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, astringent, cardiac, depurative, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, hemostatic, toxic and vermifuge.

Carminative, stimulant, antibacterial and inhibits tumor growth (leaf); anthelmintic, respiratory and cardiac depressant, alleviates spasms and antiseptic (essential oil); contraceptive (root); aphrodisiac and astringent.

Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antitussive, cardiac, diuretic, expectorant and haemostatic (leaves); as a bulk laxative (mucilage of seeds).

Anthelmintic, antibacterial, aphrodisiac, astringent, cardiac, cytotoxic, deobstruent, diaphoretic, diuretic, infertility, kidney, odontalgic, skin, stimulant, stomachic, tonic.

Anthelmintic (bark and fruit rind); astringent and antibacterial (bark. seed oil. leaf. flower and fruit rind); carminative (seed); diuretic. hypothermic and depresses the central nervous system (aerial part), antiviral, astringent, cardiac, demulcent, emmenagogue, refrigerant, stomachic, vermifuge.

Antibacterial, antiseptic, cardiac, diuretic, febrifuge, haemostatic, hypoglycaemic and tonic (root)

Reduce platelet aggregation (sticking of blood cells that can form artery-blocking clots), reduces the tension in the arteries (thus causing them to dilate, or open wider to allow blood cells to pass), promotes the cardiac action.

Antibacterial, antifungal, antipyretic, antiphlogistic, cardiac, diuretic, febrifuge, haemolytic, hypoglycaemic, restorative, sialogogue, tonic and vasodilator (root)

Cathartic, diuretic and vermifuge (leaves and seedpods); cardiac and febrifuge (roots)

Anodyne, cardiac, febrifuge, salve, stimulates blood circulation (whole plant);

Antiemetic, aphrodisiac, astringent, cardiac tonic, carminative, cordial, resolvent (root); anticancer and stimulates the cardiovascular system (plant); expectorant and carminative (root and plant); toxic, laxative and digestive (fruits).

Antifeedant, cardiac, cardiotonic, hypertensive, positive inotropic, narcotic, sedative, soporific, tonic, toxic and vermifuge.

As a cardiac stimulant (seeds)

As a cardiac stimulant (seeds).

Alterative, astringent, cardiac stimulant, hemostatic, lithontriptic, rejuvinative, tonic.