Alterative, analgesic, anodyne, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, hypotensive, nervine and tonic (root)

Alterative, analgesic, anodyne, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, hypotensive, nervine and tonic (root)

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiphlogistic, antiseptic, astringent, cardiotonic, discutient, diuretic, haemostatic, hypoglycaemic, styptic, tonic and vulnerary (roots); antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, cardiotonic, diuretic, haemostatic and hypoglycaemic (roots and flowers)

Analgesic, aphrodisiac, astringent, narcotic, hypothermic and lowers blood pressure (latex); alleviates spasms and stimulates the cardiovascular system (fruit); laxative (seed); increases nerve strength, sedative, relieves pain, anticonvulsive, emollient.

Aphrodisiac, acrid, antiinflammatory, astringent, cooling and hypothermic (plant).

Aperient, alterative, emetic, expectorant and tonic (bark and fresh young shoots); aperient, astringent and diuretic (tea made from the leaves); astringent, diaphoretic and diuretic (shoot extract)

A valuable non-addictive sedative and tranquilliser, slightly reduces blood pressure and increases respiratory rate (plant); antispasmodic, astringent, diaphoretic, hypnotic, narcotic, sedative and vasodilator (leaves and stems).

Sedative, hypnotic (seeds); vermifuge (roots and leaf decoction); bitter, anthelmintic and moderately astringent (leaves).

Astringent and vermifuge (inner bark).

Roots are cooling, demulcent, carminative, diaphoretic and diuretic; alleviates spasms and antiprotozoal (plant); reduces fever and astringent (root). Leaves and young shoots are used as an emollient.

Tonic or an astringent (bark)

Emollient (capsules); astringent, antibilious and antiphlegmonous (root)

Astringent and cooling (root).

The plant is bitter, astringent, stomachic, diuretic, febrifuge and antiseptic. antiulcerative; antihepatotoxic, antiviral, antibacterial and kills molluscs (root and leaf); lowers blood sugar (leaf); antidropsical, astringent and diuretic.

Bitter in taste, astringent, stomachic, diuretic, febrifuge and antiseptic (plant).

The plant has astringent, deobstruent, stomachic, carminative, diuretic, febrifugal, antiseptic, cooling properties, antidropsical, antigonorrheic and antibacterial (plant)

Antipyretic and diuretic (leaves); antipyretic, antitussive, expectorant and sedative (juice of the stems); antiemetic, depurative and sedative (epidermis of the stem bark); astringent, antipyretic, diuretic and styptic (root).

Antipyretic and diuretic (leaves); antipyretic, antitussive, expectorant and sedative (juice of the stems); antiemetic and sedative (epidermis of the stem bark); astringent, antipyretic, depurative, diuretic and styptic (roots).

Expectorant and prevents stones in the urinary tract; aromatic, acrid, pungent, diuretic and diaphoretic (dried root); antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, resolvent and stomachic (leaves and root)

Carminative, stimulant, antibacterial and inhibits tumor growth (leaf); anthelmintic, respiratory and cardiac depressant, alleviates spasms and antiseptic (essential oil); contraceptive (root); aphrodisiac and astringent.