Antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antimicrbial, antiphlogistic, antiviral, depurative, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, laxative and ophthalmic (whole plant); antidote and astringent (leaf juice)

Promote production of saliva, bile and other digestive enzymes, alterative, antidiarrheal, antiperiodic, antiseptic, aperient, apertif, astringent (mucous membranes in gut), blood cleanser, cancer treatment, carminative, cicatrizant, detergent and diuretic.

Astringent, alterative, stomachic and externally as vulnerary (plant).

Astringent and alterative (plant)

Expectorant and stomach tonic (herb); antiseptic, antitussive, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, pectoral, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, tonic and vasodilator (leaves and flowering tops)

The plant is mucilaginous, astringent, stomachic, alterative, tonic, diuretic and laxative counteracts or neutralizes the effects of histamine (essential leaf oil); analgesic (plant)

Antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral, astringent and febrifuge (leaves); antibacterial and anticancer (root); anticancer (root and whole plant)

Astringent, hypothermic, coagulates semen and depresses the central nervous system (aerial part), antiseptic, sedative, stomachic.

Bitter, astringent, tonic and stomachic (leaves)

Astringent, cardiotonic, decongestant, parasiticide, stomachic and tonic.

Alterative, anodyne, astringent, blood tonic, detergent, emetic, laxative, pectoral and vermifuge (bark and leaves)

The leaves are alterative, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, astringent and depurative. The seeds are antilithic, diuretic and stimulant; anthelmintic (leaf, unripe shell, green hull, bark and fruit oil); antisyphilis (unripe shell and green hull); cleansing (bark and leaf); restores health (bark, fruit and leaf); laxative (fruit oil)

Acts as an astringent, alterative, expectorant, laxative and diuretic (leaves)

Astringent (small roots and tubers); coolant (main rhizome)

Astringent and mildly diuretic (whole plant)

Antibacterial, antifungal (plant); cardiotonic and diuretic (leaves and fruits); antiphlogistic, astringent and diuretic (seeds)

Anticholesterolemic, antidote (to most forms of poison), antivinous, carminative and hypoglycaemic (plant); antivinous, alexiteric and carminative (flowers); anthelmintic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, astringent, digestive, febrifuge and stomachic (dried and roasted seeds).

Laxative (leaf and bark);astringent, stimulant and febrifuge (root); stimulates the cardiovascular system (including the heart),spasmogenic and antiviral (aerial part); purgative, deobstruent and diuretic (leaves); stimulant and febrifuge (bark)

Purifies blood slightly diuretic and antiseptic; astringent (plant); mild astringent, haemostatic, hypnotic and depurative (flowers)

Stimulates the cardiovascular and central nervous systems, hypothermic and anticancer (leaf and stem bark); astringent, acrid (bark); antibacterial (plant).