Alterative, analgesic, anticholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, deobstruent, emmenagogue, emollient, hepatic, laxative, sedative and peripheral vasodilator (root)

Antibacterial, stimulant, expectorant and diaphoretic (plant); anticephalagic (leaf); the oil possesses direct muscle-relaxant action and also bactericidal and fungicidal properties, and may prove useful as an anti-spasmodic drug and as a clinical fungicide.

Diuretic (ripe fruit juice); vermifuge (root); sedative, antispasmodic, hypotensive, and nervine (bark, leaves, root)

Antispasmodic, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue and tonic (whole plant)

Achic, anodyne, antispasmodic, tonic, diuretic, emmenagogue, emetic (plant); anticancer, stimulant and carminative (flower); sedative, antiinflammatory and antidiuretic (oil).

Antispasmodic, diaphoretic, emetic, emmenagogue and vesicant (whole plant)

Anticoagulant, antispasmodic, carminative, emollient and stimulant (whole plant and flowering stems)

Alterative, analgesic, antispasmodic, antitussive, demulcent, emetic, expectorant, hallucinogenic, purgative, sedative, stimulates cardiovascular system and respiration (root, stem and leaf extract); antiviral (plant).

Acrid, anodyne, antibacterial, antifungal, antiphlogistic, antirheumatic, anticancer, antispasmodic, antitumor, expectorant, sedative and stomachic (root).

Anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and anodyne (whole plant); acrid, anodyne, antibacterial, antifungal, antiphlogistic, antirheumatic, anticancer, antispasmodic, antitumor, expectorant, sedative and stomachic (root).

Alterative, anaesthetic, deobstruent, discutient, diuretic, expectorant, vulnerary (roots); analgesic, local anesthetic and antispasmodic (decoction of roots).

Abortifacient, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, oxytocic and stimulant (herb)

Antibacterial and antifungal (essential leaf oil); analgesic, anthelmintic, antifertility, antiseptic, antispasmodic, stimulant, carminative, promotes or stimulates the flow of bile, deobstruent (of bowel), diuretic, reduces fever, narcotic.

Anthelmintic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, vermifuge. antifungal (essential plant oil); contraceptive (plant); hepatoprotective (methanol extract).

Anthelmintic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, digestive, emmenagogue, expectorant, nervine, purgative, stimulant, slightly tonic (plant); appetizer, diuretic, haemostatic and stomachic (leaves); antirheumatic, antispasmodic, and stomachic (stem)

Antispasmodic, aperient, cardiac, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, sedative and tonic (plant); diaphoretic, hypotensive, strongly diuretic and laxative (roots); cardiac sedative, palliative, diuretic and laxative (rhizome); antibiotic (seed).

Antispasmodic, haemostatic and stimulant.

Spasmolytic (bark extract)

Nervine, stimulant, antispasmodic.

Antiemetic, antispasmodic, expectorant, stimulant and vermifuge (whole plant)