Antiseptic, carminative, analgesic, antiprotozoal, lowers blood pressure, antiviral, alleviates spasms and one of the best deobstruents and purifiers of the body (bark); pectoral, sedative, stomachic and carminative (fruits)

Antibacterial, antiseptic, expectorant, fungicide and stimulant.

Aromatic, carminative, expectorant and stomachic (whole plant); antiseptic (root)

Aromatic, balsamic, haemostatic and tonic (leaves); antiseptic (oil); carminative (fruit)

Alterative, anodyne, antiseptic, astringent and demulcent (root)

Antifungal and antibacterial (essential oil); digestive, tonic, stimulant, demulcent, diuretic, antiemetic, antiseptic, styptic, stimulates the central nervous system, antirheumatic and alleviates spasms (plant).

Expectorant, stomachic, diuretic, antiseptic and cardiac stimulant, febrifuge (root).

Antiseptic, depurative, detergent, hemostat, vulnerary (roots, leaves)

Antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic and mildly tonic (herb)

Stimulant (essential oil); antimicrobial, expectorant, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, diaphoretic, aids in digestion and carminative (plant); antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic and mildly tonic (leaves and flowering stem)

Antidote, arsenic, antidote, antipyretic, antiscorbutic, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, astringent, cardiac, depurative, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, hemostatic, toxic and vermifuge.

Alterative, analgesic, anodyne, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, hypotensive, nervine and tonic (root)

Alterative, analgesic, anodyne, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, hypotensive, nervine and tonic (root)

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, diuretic, expectorant, haemostatic, hypoglycaemic and stimulant (roots and flowers)

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiphlogistic, antiseptic, astringent, cardiotonic, discutient, diuretic, haemostatic, hypoglycaemic, styptic, tonic and vulnerary (roots); antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, cardiotonic, diuretic, haemostatic and hypoglycaemic (roots and flowers)

The fruit is used as a demulcent, diuretic, antiseptic and aphrodisiac. antibilious (root); alleviates spasms (fruit); kills certain larvae and diuretic (plant).

Sedative, antibacterial, antidote, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitussive, aromatic, carminative, diaphoretic, emollient, expectorant, pectoral, stomachic, tonic, hypothermic, alleviates spasms, antiasthmatic, abortifacient and stimulates the central nervous system (plant); stimulating the intestinal tract (essential oil); carminative, antiinflammatory and diaphoretic (seed, stem and leaf); antiasthmatic, antitussive, emollient and expectorant (seed)

Analgesic, antiseptic (urinary), bitter, cholagogue, diuretic, stimulant and tonic (leaves).

The plant is bitter, astringent, stomachic, diuretic, febrifuge and antiseptic. antiulcerative; antihepatotoxic, antiviral, antibacterial and kills molluscs (root and leaf); lowers blood sugar (leaf); antidropsical, astringent and diuretic.

Bitter in taste, astringent, stomachic, diuretic, febrifuge and antiseptic (plant).