Hypotensive (50% EtOH aerial part extract); cardiacstimulant (aerial part); analgesic and anti-inflammatory; as an antidote for snake poison.

Antidote, antiinflammatory and febrifuge.

Purgative, stomachic, antidote, vermifuge and aphrodisiac (bark decoction); expectorant (ground roots)

Antidote, antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, diuretic and hypotensive (root); antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, diaphoretic, diuretic, hypoglycaemic and hypotensive (leaves); astringent (powdered seed).

Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

Antidote, astringent, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, emollient, febrifuge, emmenagogue, galactogogue, alleviates spasms and antagonistic to hyperactive effects of amphetamines (plant); laxative (root and leaf).

Analgesic, antibacterial, antidote, carminative, depuritive, diaphoretic, poultice (root).

Analgesic, anodyne, antibacterial, antidote, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, poultice and stimulant (root)

Analgesic, anticonvulsant, antidote, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, contraceptive, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, hydragogue, lactagogue, laxative, narcotic, tonic (plant); cardiotonic, cathartic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and expectorant (roots)

Antidote, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, bitter tonic, diaphoretic, diuretic and stimulant (root).

Antidote, anti-inflammatory, bitter tonic, diaphoretic, diuretic and stimulant (root);

Antidote, antiemetic, antipyretic and refrigerant (stem); antiasthmatic, antiemetic, antipyretic, antitussive, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge, lithontripic, sedative, sialogogue and stomachic (root)

Antidote (root)

Vermifuge (flowers); galactagogue and emmenagogue (crushed seeds); antidote (roots)

Inhibits vomiting (root decoction) and antiviral (plant); antidote, aperient, astringent, demulcent, diuretic, febrifuge, laxative, rubefacient.

Stomachic (leaf, bark); febrifuge, analgesic, antidote, antiemetic, antipyretic, stimulant, vulnerary.

Antidote, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, laxative, stomachic.

Antiseptic, antidote to snake bites, laxative, sedative and vermifuge (bark)

Used as an antidote (stem bark).

Analgesic, locally anaesthetic, antibacterial, antidote, antipyretic, bitter, blood tonic, carminative, cholagogue, digestive, sedative, stomachic, tonic and vasodilator (root).