Acrid, bitter and anodyne (root); anthelmintic (root bark); wood (refrigerant).

Acrid, astringent and vasodilator (leaves and shoots)

Bitter, slightly acrid, astringent, laxative, diuretic and alterative (plant); for blood purification and in skin diseases, especially psoriasis (decoction)

Ayurveda uses its roots as abortifacient, acrid, alexiteric, anthelmintic, antipyretic, bitter, depurative, digestive, emetic, expectorant, gastrointestinal irritant, purgative, rejuvenative, stomachic, thermogenic, tonic, in dealing debility, dyspepsia, flatulence, haemorrhoids, helminthiasis, inflammations, in promoting labour pain and expulsion of the placenta; stimulates uterine contractions (fresh plant juice and rhizome); antimalarial and laxative (tuber).

Acrid (stem bark)

Alleviates spasms (50% EtOH aerial part extract); antidiabetic. stimulates insulin production and/or secretion and antiviral (leaf); inhibits high blood sugar levels (leaf extract); increases the secretion of gastric juices. laxative. diuretic, acrid, alexipharmic, anodyne, anthelmintic, antipyretic, astringent, bitter, cardiotonic, digestive, emetic,expectorant, laxative, stimulant, stomachic, uterine tonic.

Hot, acrid, bitter, insecticidal, vulnerary (leaf and bark)

Acrid, antidysenteric, anthelmintic, astringent, reduces fever, tonic and increases the secretion of gastric juices (bark); slows down the growth of certain bacteria related to tuberculosis (conessine in bark) antiperiodic, aphrodisiac, bitter, carminative, expectorant, febrifuge.

Stimulates the cardiovascular and central nervous systems, hypothermic and anticancer (leaf and stem bark); astringent, acrid (bark); antibacterial (plant).

Astringent, acrid, coolant, anthelmintic and sudorific (roots); digestive (juice of the young leaves).

Aphrodisiac, acrid, antiinflammatory, astringent, cooling and hypothermic (plant).

Expectorant and prevents stones in the urinary tract; aromatic, acrid, pungent, diuretic and diaphoretic (dried root); antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, resolvent and stomachic (leaves and root)

Acrid, anodyne, antispasmodic, antidiarrheal, antihermorrhagic, diaphoretic, rubefacient (plant); sedative (plant sap)

Acrid, anodyne, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, rubefacient (whole plant)

Acrid, anodyne, antispasmodic, diaphoretic and emmenagogue and rubefacient (whole plant); antirheumatic (leaves, root)

Antiinflammatory, acrid and astringent (plant)

Acrid, aromatic and sialagogue

Acrid, cooling, laxative, sedative and possess anthelmintic and expectorant (wood).

Anticancer, antiviral, alleviates spasms, antimalarial, antifertility and decreases sperm numbers (fruit); light, acrid, cooling and astringent (plant)

Tonic, carminative and expectorant; acrid and used as an alexipharmic (bark).