Tonic, adaptogen, anticholesteremic, mildly anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, nervine and immune tonic (whole plant); adaptogen, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic, tonic and vasodilator (root and root bark).

Anodyne, antiinflammatory, antirheumatic, bitter, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue and vasodilator (roots)

Anaesthetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, cardiotonic, stimulant and vasodilator (root).

Anthelmintic, antiasthmatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, vasodilator (bulb)

Anticancer, fungicidal, antiseptic, tonic and parasiticidal (plant); anthelmintic, antiasthmatic, anticholesterolemic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, vasodilator (bulb)

Anthelmintic, antiasthmatic, anticholesterolemic, antiseptic, cancer, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, vasodilator, lowers serum blood cholesterol (while increasing the level of HDL), lowers blood fats, stimulates detoxifying enzymes (from the liver), antioxidant, antibiotic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, ascaricide and certain other parasites.

Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

Anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, carminative, nervine and vasodilator (roots and rhizomes);

Alterative, analgesic, anticholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, deobstruent, emmenagogue, emollient, hepatic, laxative, sedative and peripheral vasodilator (root)

Antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, antiviral, cholagogue, diuretic, febrifuge and vasodilator (leaves, young shoot)

Anticholesterolemic, antipyretic, antiseptic, cholagogue, diuretic and vasodilator (plant)

Adaptogen, antipyretic, diuretic, tonic, uterine stimulant and vasodilator (root); antipyretic, diuretic, pectoral and tonic (plant); bactericidal, hypoglycaemic and hypotensive (plant extract)

Cardiotonic, diuretic and vasodilator (dried roots)

Anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, sedative, stomachic, tonic and vasodilator (flower infuison)

Alterative, antispasmodic, antioxidant, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, litholytic, sedative, tonic, vasodilator and vulnerary (whole plant or fresh root); emetic (leaves)

Analgesic, locally anaesthetic, antibacterial, antidote, antipyretic, bitter, blood tonic, carminative, cholagogue, digestive, sedative, stomachic, tonic and vasodilator (root).

Analgesic, antidote, antipyretic, antiseptic, cholagogue, sedative and vasodilator (root).

Improves blood flow (by dilating the blood vessels and coronary arteries), strengthens the heart and aids in oxygenating the blood (the above effects are gradual); antispasmodic, cardiac, diuretic, sedative, tonic and vasodilator (fruit);

Antispasmodic, cardiac, diuretic, sedative, tonic and vasodilator (fruit); astringent (berk)

Antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, cardiotonic, hypotensive, stomachic, vasodilator (fruit); alterative, antiscorbutic, deobstruent, laxative, stimulant and stomachic (dried fruit)