Antispasmodic, diaphoretic, emetic, emmenagogue and vesicant (whole plant)

Anticoagulant, antispasmodic, carminative, emollient and stimulant (whole plant and flowering stems)

Alterative, analgesic, antispasmodic, antitussive, demulcent, emetic, expectorant, hallucinogenic, purgative, sedative, stimulates cardiovascular system and respiration (root, stem and leaf extract); antiviral (plant).

Stimulant, rubifacient, bitter, tonic, aphrodisiac, diuretic, stimulates cardiovascular system and alleviates spasms (seed).

Acrid, anodyne, antibacterial, antifungal, antiphlogistic, antirheumatic, anticancer, antispasmodic, antitumor, expectorant, sedative and stomachic (root).

Anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and anodyne (whole plant); acrid, anodyne, antibacterial, antifungal, antiphlogistic, antirheumatic, anticancer, antispasmodic, antitumor, expectorant, sedative and stomachic (root).

Alterative, anaesthetic, deobstruent, discutient, diuretic, expectorant, vulnerary (roots); analgesic, local anesthetic and antispasmodic (decoction of roots).

Abortifacient, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, oxytocic and stimulant (herb)

Antibacterial and antifungal (essential leaf oil); analgesic, anthelmintic, antifertility, antiseptic, antispasmodic, stimulant, carminative, promotes or stimulates the flow of bile, deobstruent (of bowel), diuretic, reduces fever, narcotic.

Anthelmintic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, vermifuge. antifungal (essential plant oil); contraceptive (plant); hepatoprotective (methanol extract).

Anthelmintic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, digestive, emmenagogue, expectorant, nervine, purgative, stimulant, slightly tonic (plant); appetizer, diuretic, haemostatic and stomachic (leaves); antirheumatic, antispasmodic, and stomachic (stem)

Antispasmodic, aperient, cardiac, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, sedative and tonic (plant); diaphoretic, hypotensive, strongly diuretic and laxative (roots); cardiac sedative, palliative, diuretic and laxative (rhizome); antibiotic (seed).

Anticancer, alleviates spasms and antiarrythmic (aerial part); aphrodisiac, hypothermic and galactogenic (root); antibacterial and antifungal (bark); antioxytocic and diuretic (plant); antiallergic (root extract).

Antispasmodic, haemostatic and stimulant.

Spasmolytic (bark extract)

Nervine, stimulant, antispasmodic.

Laxative (fruit); hypothermic, alleviates spasms and stimulates the central nervous and cardiovascular systems (stem bark); kills certain molluscs (plant); antifungal (oil); expectorant (seed).

Antiemetic, antispasmodic, expectorant, stimulant and vermifuge (whole plant)

Antiarrhythmic, oxytocic, alleviates spasms and lowers blood sugar (plant).

Anodyne, antispasmodic, antitussive, demulcent, digestive, emollient, expectorant, laxative, ophthalmic, purgative and tonic (herb)