Alterative, analgesic, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, astringent, blood cleanser, cardiac, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, sedative, stimulant, sudorific and tonic.

Stimulates the central nervous system (aerial part); stimulates the cardiovascular system (aerial part and essential plant oil); sedative (in hysteria), antibacterial, carminative, antispasmodic, antiseptic, rubefacient, expectorant and aphrodisiac (essential plant oil).

Antipruritic, aphrodisiac, antirheumatic, astringent, carminative, discutient, sedative, vermifuge and vulnerary (seed)

The root is used as a mild laxative, sudorific and antipyretic. Alleviates spasms, anticonvulsant, lowers blood pressure, sedative, slows heartbeat and cardiotonic (root and stem); diuretic (aerial part); reduces fever and expectorant (root).

The seed, with the husk removed, is antirheumatic, diuretic, pectoral, refrigerant and tonic; astringent and irritant (plant); anticancer (grain); anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, sedative, vermifuge (fruits)

Anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, sedative and vermifuge (fruits); antitumor (plant); antirheumatic, diuretic, pectoral, refrigerant and tonic (seed without husk); anthelmintic (decoction of the roots).

Alterative, antispasmodic, antioxidant, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, litholytic, sedative, tonic, vasodilator and vulnerary (whole plant or fresh root); emetic (leaves)

Antipyretic and sedative (plant); anodyne (root)

All parts of the plant are antispasmodic, cardiotonic, strongly diuretic, emetic, febrifuge, laxative, Hear stimulant and sedative

Analgesic, locally anaesthetic, antibacterial, antidote, antipyretic, bitter, blood tonic, carminative, cholagogue, digestive, sedative, stomachic, tonic and vasodilator (root).

Analgesic, antidote, antipyretic, antiseptic, cholagogue, sedative and vasodilator (root).

Antiphlogistic, highly astringent, sedative, stomachic, tonic (dried roots, stems and leaves);

Alterative, antiperiodic, astringent, deobstruent, diuretic, emmenagogue, sedative, tonic; analgesic, antispasmodic and sedative (root)

Analgesic, antiseptic, antispasmodic and sedative (root); antitussive, cardiotonic, hypotensive and anticancer (plant extract)

Improves blood flow (by dilating the blood vessels and coronary arteries), strengthens the heart and aids in oxygenating the blood (the above effects are gradual); antispasmodic, cardiac, diuretic, sedative, tonic and vasodilator (fruit);

Antispasmodic, cardiac, diuretic, sedative, tonic and vasodilator (fruit); astringent (berk)

Antiinflammatory, alterative, antipyretic, aperitif, astringent, bitter, cholagogue, contraceptive, demulcent, hepatotonic, laxative, litholytic, natriuretic, rubefacient, sedative, tonic (bark)

Abortifacient, anodyne, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, appetizer, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, narcotic, sedative, stimulant.

Antiseptic, astringent, bitter, digestive, hypotensive, narcotic, sedative, stimulant, stomachic and tonic.

Sedative, carminative, antiseptic, antimicrobial (in vivo), emmenagogue, antispasmodic, deodorant, diaphoretic, insecticide, parasitic, tonic and stimulant (plant oil).