Tonic (bark); antiscorbutic, diuretic, stimulant and tonic (resin); antiscorbutic (leaf)

Laxative and tonic

Antispasmodic and carminative (leaf); barbiturate potentiation (leaf alcohol extract)antiperiodic, astringent, carminative, expectorant, stomachic, tonic.

Demulcent, aphrodisiac, laxative, diuretic, pulmonary and sedative (leaves); Astringent and diuretic (bark); Laxative, expectorant and demulcent (seeds); laxative and tonic, promoting the libido and relieving feverishness and producing a felling of coolness, antiinflammatory and anthelmintic (plant); analgesic (fixed oil).

Carminative, digestive, sedative and tonic (flower heads); anodyne, anthelmintic, carminative, discutient, diuretic, oxytocic, sedative, stimulant, tonic, vermifuge and vulnerary (stem bark)

Antifungal, alleviates spasms, analgesic and lowers blood sugar (stem bark); hemostatic (leaf and bark); expectorant (pod); astringent, demulcent, aphrodisiac and nutritive. Gum extract (Akakia) is styptic, tonic and astringent.

Tonic (leafy shoots); antibacterial, antirheumatic and diuretic (root); aphrodisiac, nutritive and tonic (plant)

Tonic, adaptogen, anticholesteremic, mildly anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, nervine and immune tonic (whole plant); adaptogen, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic, tonic and vasodilator (root and root bark).

Appetizer, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, stomachic and tonic (leaves and flowering stems)

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, odontalgic, stomachic and tonic (whole plant)

Antiperiodic; tonic.

Anaesthetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, cardiotonic, stimulant and vasodilator (root).

Hypotensive, hypertensive (aqueous root extract), anthelmintic, antipyretic, aphordisiac, astringent, carminative, antiinflammatory, antiperiodic, cholagogue, febrifuge, tonic.

Antifungal, antibacterial, antiperiodic, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, aromatic, cardiac, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenaggue, febrifuge, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, tonic and vermifuge (root); anodyne, antiperiodic, antispasmodic, digestive, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, sudorific, tonic, vermifuge (whole plant)

Analgesic, antibacterial, antiperiodic, antiviral, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, sedative, tonic (root)

Analgesic, antibacterial, antiviral, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, sedative, tonic (root)

Cardiotonic, diuretic, euphoriant, hallucinogen, narcotic, sedative and tranquilizer (leaves)

Antifungal, cardiotonic and expectorant (root).

Diuretic, expectorant (plant); antidandruff, antitussive, astringent, demulcent, depurative, emetic, weakly emmenagogue, emollient, weakly expectorant, febrifuge, galactogogue, laxative, pectoral, refrigerant, stimulant, sudorific and tonic (fresh or dried leafy fronds)

Antirheumatic, astringent, demulcent, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, haemostatic, pectoral and tonic (whole plant)