Anodyne, discutient, diuretic, emmenagogue, galactogogue, styptic and vulnerary (seed); febrifuge and tonic (sap)

Anodyne, discutient, diuretic, emmenagogue, galactogogue, styptic and vulnerary (seed); febrifuge and tonic (plant sap)

Analgesic, antiaging, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, apoptotic, astringent, blood tonic, cerebrotonic, depurative, detoxicant, emmenagogue, hypocholesterolemic, memorigenic, neuronogenic.

Laxative, antiseptic, astringent, diuretic and hemostatic; astringent, tonic, anti-inflammatory and antiseptic (leaves)

Astringent, bitter (bark); cardiotonic (seed); irritant (plant juice).

Tonic, carminative and expectorant; acrid and used as an alexipharmic (bark).

Carminative, stomachic, tonic and stimulant (root bark) and antiallergic (plant).

Analgesic, diaphoretic, emetic, expectorant, febrifuge, narcotic and sedative (root); abortifacient, antipyretic, antispasmodic, arteriosedative, cardiosedative, decongestant, diuretic, hepatotonic, hypotensive, insecticide, nephrotonic, sedative, tranquilizer.

Analgesic, antibacterial, anticoagulant, antispasmodic, astringent, depurative, diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, emmenagogue, galactogogue, stimulant, tonic and vulnerary (leaves and flowering stems).

As a tonic, febrifuge, astringent, alternative, diaphoretic, increasing the secretion of gastric juices, alleviates spasms anticancer and antiviral (plant); antidiarrheal (root); alexipharmic and anthelmintic (seed).

Tonic (plant)

Alterative, astringent, mildly diuretic, mildly expectorant, stomachic and tonic (leaves and roots)

Anodyne, cathartic, emetic, hepatic, laxative and tonic (root); antiseptic, carminative, depurative, diaphoretic, hepatotonic.

Diuretic, expectorant, tonic

Sedative, antispasmodic, cardiac, cytostatic, diuretic, hypotensive, narcotic, nervine, stimulant, tonic, vasodilator, emetic, anticancer and has a positve effect on arteriosclerosis (aerial part and leaf); hypotensive (leaf, wood and bark); diuretic and laxative (fruit); cardiotonic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, diuretic and purgative (fruit, leaf, wood and bark).

Depresses the central nervous system, analgesic, antifungal, antibacterial, antiinflammatory (leaf), anodyne, bitter tonic, expectorant, diuretic, febrifuge, galactagogue, emenagogue, antigastalgic, leaves anti-parasitical, alterative, aromatic, pain reliever.

Tonic and stomachic (bark)

Restorative and tonic (fruit).

Tonic and alterative (leaves)

Abortifacient, adaptogen, antibiotic, astringent, deobstruent, narcotic, sedative, tonic, antitumor, stimulates the central nervous system, antihepatotoxic, antiinflammatory and antimicrobial (leaf); stimulates the secretion and/or flow of milk (plant); hypnotic (sedative), aphrodisiac, diuretic, antispasmodic, stimulates the immune system.