As a bitter tonic and antipyretic (decoction of the bark)

Restorative and tonic (leaves); analgesic, antibacterial, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, depurative, emmenagogue, febrifuge, resolvent, tonic and vasodilator (flowering stem); cardiotonic and haemostatic (seeds)

Diuretic and carminative (root); lowers blood pressure, depresses heart activity and antifungal (essential oil); carminative (fruit and root); stimulant and alleviates spasms (fruit); antispasmodic, stimulant, tonic and carminative (plant); strongly antiseptic, antispasmodic, aromatic, bitter, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, expectorant and tonic (seed oil).

Cardiotonic, emetic, thermogenic antispasmodic, stimulant, tonic, digestive, anthelmintic and diuretic (fruit); condiment, stimulant, carminative (seeds)

Aphrodisiac and diuretic (fruit); alleviates spasms and stimulates the cardiovascular system, abortifacient, alterative, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, astringent, carminative, demulcent, diuretic, emmenagogue, galactogogue, pectoral and tonic (seed and plant); cardiotonic and enhances semen production (plant).

Cardian tonic and anti-febrile, emetic, useful in restoring the disordered processes of nutrition, creates a cooling effect in the body, root is purgative and tonic. Anthelmintic, purgative and emetic (fruit)

Febrifuge (leaves and stem); antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, antifungal, depurative, emollient, expectorant and laxative (fruit); antibiotic, abortifacient, anti-inflammatory, febrifuge, galactogogue, laxative, oxytocic, sialagogue and uterine tonic (root); antitussive, emollient and expectorant (seed)

Febrifuge (leaf, stem); antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, antifungal, depurative, emollient, expectorant and laxative (fruit); antitussive, emollient and expectorant (seed); antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, febrifuge, galactogogue, laxative, oxytocic, sialagogue and uterine tonic (root)

Alterative, analgesic, antiaggregant, antiedemic, antiexudative, antiinflammatory, antiprostaglandin, antispasmodic, antitumor, astringent, carcinogenic, carminative, collyrium, decongestant, digestive, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, fumitory, hemostatic , hepatotoxic, hypotensive, immunostimulant, insecticide, lactagogue, laxativ, lymphotonic, myorelaxant, nervine, antidote, proteolytic, sedative, stimulant, tonic, vasodilator and vulnerary (plant);

Hypothermic, depresses the central nervous system, alleviates spasms and diuretic (plant); detergent, depurative, alterative, tonic and sedative (flowers)

Diuretic, toxic, antirheumatic, antiscrophulatic, depurative, detergent and tonic (plant) and astringent.

Lowers blood pressure, carminative, increases milk production and/or flow, depresses the central nervous system, cardiotonic, aphrodisiac, hypoglycemic, diuretic, hemostatic, antiinflammatory, emmolient, rids the body of impurities and toxins.

Demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, stimulant and tonic (leaves)

Antiseptic, aphrodisiac, astringent, expectorant, tonic, uterine tonic (root); antispasmodic, emetic, emmenagogue.

Antivinous, bilious, demulcent, discutient, diuretic, emollient, excipient, intoxicant, laxative, useful as a poultice, restorative, sedative

Aphrodisiac, antidepressant, tonic, diuretic, cough-suppressant and mild laxative

Diuretic (leaves); astringent, diuretic, emmenagogue, haemostatic, refrigerant, sedative, suppurative and vulnerary (pollen); anticoagulant and haemostatic (dried pollen); diuretic, galactogogue, refrigerant and tonic (roots).

Astringent, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, tonic, vulnerary.

Alterative, tonic and anticatarrhal (plant)

Cardiotonic, strongly diuretic, emetic, when taken in large doses and expectorant, hypotensive (bulb)