Diuretic, expectorant (plant); antidandruff, antitussive, astringent, demulcent, depurative, emetic, weakly emmenagogue, emollient, weakly expectorant, febrifuge, galactogogue, laxative, pectoral, refrigerant, stimulant, sudorific and tonic (fresh or dried leafy fronds)

Antirheumatic, astringent, demulcent, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, haemostatic, pectoral and tonic (whole plant)

Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

Antiaggregant, antioxidant, aperient, demulcent, emollient and pectoral (oil from the seeds); anti-inflammatory, aphrodisiac, decoagulant, demulcent, pectoral, and peptic (seeds).

Alterative, diaphoretic, diuretic, pectoral and stimulant (root)

Alterative, diaphoretic, diuretic, pectoral and stimulant (root)

Antitussive, diuretic, emmenagogue, pectoral, vermifuge and vulnerary (roots).

Antiseptic, antiinflammatory, antitussive, depurative, haemostatic and pectoral.

Adaptogen, antipyretic, diuretic, tonic, uterine stimulant and vasodilator (root); antipyretic, diuretic, pectoral and tonic (plant); bactericidal, hypoglycaemic and hypotensive (plant extract)

Aphrodisiac, diuretic, demulcent, tonic, pectoral, stimulant, antifertility.

Analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, depurative, expectorant, febrifuge, pectoral, purgative, stomachic and tonic (root)

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiphlogistic, demulcent, pectoral, skin, styptic and vulnerary (root)

Cathartic, hydrogogue, irritant, pectoral and purgative (root)

Cathartic, cytotoxic, diaphoretic, expectorant, hydrogogue, irritant, pectoral, purgative and vermifuge, as a rubefacient to muscular and joint pains and pleurisy (root)

Alterative, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, antipyretic, antiviral, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, haemolytic, hepatic, pectoral, sedative (root)

Alterative, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, antipyretic, antiviral, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, haemolytic, hepatic, pectoral, sedative (root)

Analgesic, amebicide, antibiotic, antibacterial, cardiotonic, cholagogue, digestive, emmenagogue, febrifuge, hypotensive, laxative, pectoral, stomachic, vermifuge

Taken as a pectoral (decoction of rind or leaves); astringent, tonic and stimulant (bark); tonic, diuretic and febrifuge (seed); diuretic, febrifuge and vermifuge (dried latex)

The seed, with the husk removed, is antirheumatic, diuretic, pectoral, refrigerant and tonic; astringent and irritant (plant); anticancer (grain); anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, sedative, vermifuge (fruits)

Anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, sedative and vermifuge (fruits); antitumor (plant); antirheumatic, diuretic, pectoral, refrigerant and tonic (seed without husk); anthelmintic (decoction of the roots).