The seeds are used as cooling and tonic, antidiarrheal, astringent and hypoglycemic (bark); reduces fever (seed); stops bodily secretions and hemostatic (bark and leaf buds); emollient, demulcent and alleviates pain (fruit).

It is considered that the laxative property resides in the saccharine juice of the fresh fruit and in the dried fruit is probably due to the indigestible seeds and skin. The fruit is mildly laxative, demulcent, digestive and pectoral. The unripe green fruits are cooked with other foods as a galactogogue and tonic. The roasted fruit is emollient and stimulates the cardiovascular system (aerial part).

Demulcent, emollient, laxative and poultice (fruits)

Laxative and demulcent (fruit).

Antitussive, astringent, demulcent, expectorant, febrifuge and pectoral (bulb)

Diuretic, emollient and resolvent (bulb)

The fruit has anthelmintic and cardiotonic properties; astringent (bark and fruit); coagulates semen and stimulates the central nervous system (aerial part). Seed oil astringent, demulcent, emollient ad soothing.

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiphlogistic, antispasmodic, antitussive, cholagogue, demulcent, emollient, expectorant and laxative (root);

Demulcent and alterative (plant); antibacterial (leaves soaked in water)

Abortifacient, astringent, antifungal, contraceptive, diuretic, emmenagogue, emollient, hemostatic, lactagogue, oxytocic, pectoral, uterotonic and vasoconstrictor

Antibacterial (leaf); stimulates uterine contractions and diuretic (aerial part); stimulates or restores normal menstrual function (root bark); expectorant, demulcent, stimulates the secretion and/or flow of milk, laxative and aphrodisiac (seed).

Abortifacient, aphrodisiac, astringent, contraceptive, cytostat, diuretic, emmenagogue, emollient, hemostat, hypercholesterolemic, hypertriglyceridemic, hypocholesterolemic, lactagogue. oxytocic, uterotonic and vasoconstrictor.

Astringent and stomachic (fruit); demulcent, febrifuge (bark)

Nervine tonic, brain tonic, demulcent, anti-acidic, expectorant, antipyretic, diuretic, aphrodisiac, carminative and cardiac tonic.

Antibacterial, antidote, antiseptic, antiviral, astringent, bronchodilator, CNS-stimulant, cytotoxic, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, respirastimulant, stomachic and uterotonic.

Emollient (paste of leaves)

Alleviates spasms (aerial part); cytotoxic, astringent, demulcent, diuretic and antigalactagogue (root); stimulates the uterus, demulcent and astringent(fruit); astringent (root and bark).

Demulcent (root), antibacterial (essential root oil), antiviral (plant), diaphoretic, diuretic, purifies blood and restores normal bodily functions, alterative, tonic, has antibacterial and antilithic activity.

Demulcent and emollient (leaves and roots)

Anodyne, antidote, demulcent, expectorant and refrigerant (leaves); antiphlogistic, depurative, febrifuge, pulmonary and stimulant (flowers).