Tonic, adaptogen, anticholesteremic, mildly anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, nervine and immune tonic (whole plant); adaptogen, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic, tonic and vasodilator (root and root bark).

Astringent, carminative and diuretic (plant); emmenagogue, nervine and tonic (bulb)

Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

Antitussive, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, nervine, purgative, stimulant and vulnerary (whole herb)

Nervine, antispasmodic, alterative and diaphoretic

Anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, carminative, nervine and vasodilator (roots and rhizomes);

Diuretic (ripe fruit juice); vermifuge (root); sedative, antispasmodic, hypotensive, and nervine (bark, leaves, root)

Aperient, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, nervine, stimulant, tonic, increases nerve strength (fruit); anticonvulsant, tranquillizing and antifungal (essential seed oil); potent aphrodisiac (seed); antigalactogogue, antiseptic.

Anthelmintic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, digestive, emmenagogue, expectorant, nervine, purgative, stimulant, slightly tonic (plant); appetizer, diuretic, haemostatic and stomachic (leaves); antirheumatic, antispasmodic, and stomachic (stem)

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, antitussive, diuretic, expectorant, nervine, sialagogue, stomachic, nervous stimulant and tonic (root); refrigerant (a drink made from plant).

Anti-pyretic, bechic, diuretic, expectorant, nervine, stimulant and tonic (root); antitussive and stomachic (dried root).

Nervine, stimulant, antispasmodic.

Antiseptic, antiinflammatory, diuretic, febrifugal, nervine, laxative, demulcent, emollient and diaphoretic (herb)

Antitubercular (flower tops and root) and anticonvulsant (plant); nervine and alterative tonic.

Structural toner, diaphoretic, nervine, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, uterine tonic, emmenagogue, anti-spasmodic, anti-rheumatic, diuretic.

Antispasmodic and emmenagogue (whole plant); depurative, nervine, fermifuge.

Alterative, analgesic, antispasmodic, aperient, astringent, carminative, demulcent, emmenagogue, expectorant, nervine, rejuvenative, and stimulant.

Expectorant, aphrobisiac and as nervine tonic (tuber)

Antispasmodic, cathartic, emetic, narcotic, nervine, pediculicide, toxic and vermifuge (seeds)

Analgesic and antiinflammatory (root), Astringent, diuretic, febrifuge, expectorant, laxative, nervine, tonic.