Anti-inflammatory and antiviral (plant); alterative, anodyne, anti-inflammatory, cathartic, expectorant, hypnotic, narcotic and purgative (root); anodyne and anti-inflammatory (dried root); cathartic, emetic and expectorant (leaves).

Antispasmodic, narcotic and sedative (fresh leaves)

Aphrodisiac, hallucinogen, narcotic and poison

Anticholinergic, antispasmodic, bitter, cerebrosedative, diuretic, hypnotic, intoxicant, mydriatic, myorelaxant, narcotic, parasympatholytic, positive chronotropic, positive dromotropic, sedative and toxic (dried root)

Alterative, analgesic, antiinflammatory, depurative, diuretic, hypotensive, laxative, narcotic, sedative, vermifuge and vulnerary.

Alterative, anodyne, depurative, mildly diuretic, emetic, expectorant, hepatic, mildly narcotic and purgative (whole plant)

Used as a narcotic (plant)

Stimulant and lowers blood cholesterol (seed); analgesic, narcotic (leaf); antihaemorrhoidal and hypotensive (fruit).

The whole plant is antiperiodic, antiphlogistic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, febrifuge, narcotic, purgative and sedative; diuretic (leaf); extracts of the plant are analgesic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and vasodilator.

Analgesic, contraceptive, depurative, emmenagogue, hallucinogen, narcotic.

Antifeedant, cardiac, cardiotonic, hypertensive, positive inotropic, narcotic, sedative, soporific, tonic, toxic and vermifuge.

Expectorant and antispasmodic (plant); antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant and slightly narcotic (root)

Analgesic, anaesthetic, antispasmodic, antibacterial, antidote, candidicide, digestive, diuretic, febrifuge, fungicide, hypotensive, myorelaxant, nematicide, narcotic, sedative, hallucinogenic, stimulant and pediculicide (leaves and whole plant)

All parts of the plant, except the fleshy fruit, are antispasmodic, cardiotonic, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, narcotic and purgative; cardiotonic and abortifacient (leaf); anticancer (bark); “hypothesmic activity” (aerial part); antispasmodic and sedative (fruit and leaf); narcotic and toxic (leaf. young aerial part and shoot)

Analgesic, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, carminative, CNS Stimulant, contraceptive, diuretic, hallucinogen, narcotic and psychomimetic (seeds)

Analgesic, diaphoretic, emetic, expectorant, febrifuge, narcotic and sedative (root); abortifacient, antipyretic, antispasmodic, arteriosedative, cardiosedative, decongestant, diuretic, hepatotonic, hypotensive, insecticide, nephrotonic, sedative, tranquilizer.

Narcotic (roots)

Sedative, antispasmodic, cardiac, cytostatic, diuretic, hypotensive, narcotic, nervine, stimulant, tonic, vasodilator, emetic, anticancer and has a positve effect on arteriosclerosis (aerial part and leaf); hypotensive (leaf, wood and bark); diuretic and laxative (fruit); cardiotonic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, diuretic and purgative (fruit, leaf, wood and bark).

Abortifacient, adaptogen, antibiotic, astringent, deobstruent, narcotic, sedative, tonic, antitumor, stimulates the central nervous system, antihepatotoxic, antiinflammatory and antimicrobial (leaf); stimulates the secretion and/or flow of milk (plant); hypnotic (sedative), aphrodisiac, diuretic, antispasmodic, stimulates the immune system.

Antihelminthic and anti-diarrheic (boiled leaves); narcotic, tranquilliser, sedative, emollient and astringent (fruits)