Analgesic, antirheumatic, galactogogue and rubefacient (root)

Diuretic, expectorant (plant); antidandruff, antitussive, astringent, demulcent, depurative, emetic, weakly emmenagogue, emollient, weakly expectorant, febrifuge, galactogogue, laxative, pectoral, refrigerant, stimulant, sudorific and tonic (fresh or dried leafy fronds)

Analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antitumor. blood tonic, cardiotonic, diuretic, emmenagogue and galactogogue (stem)

Anodyne, antifungal, antiphlogistic, bitter, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, laxative, galactogogue, resolvent, stimulant, stomachic and vulnerary (stems); antirheumatic, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge, stomachic and tonic (fruit)

Galactogogue (fresh leaves)

Antibacterial, antiseptic, diaphoretic, diuretic, galactogogue, stomachic, vermifuge and vulnerary (bulb); as a children's sedative (tea made from roots).

Alterative, astringent, cathartic, febrifuge and tonic (bark); astringent, galactogogue and vermifuge (leaves)

Galactogogue and anthelmintic (bark)

Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

Antidote, astringent, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, emollient, febrifuge, emmenagogue, galactogogue, alleviates spasms and antagonistic to hyperactive effects of amphetamines (plant); laxative (root and leaf).

Similar to that of vitamin B12 (plant); "juvenomimetic activity" (petroleum ether extract of plant); febrifuge, antihelminthic, diuretic and galactagogue.

Antihalitosis, aromatic, carminative, diuretic, galactogogue, stimulant, stomachic, aromatic carminative, reduces fever and anthelmintic (fruit); abortifacient (in rats) (seed extract); hypoglycemic, alleviates spasms (50% EtOH extract from fruit).

As a general tonic, emmenagogue, carminative, sedative, oxytocic and galactagogue (roots).

Aperient, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, nervine, stimulant, tonic, increases nerve strength (fruit); anticonvulsant, tranquillizing and antifungal (essential seed oil); potent aphrodisiac (seed); antigalactogogue, antiseptic.

Analgesic, anticonvulsant, antidote, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, contraceptive, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, hydragogue, lactagogue, laxative, narcotic, tonic (plant); cardiotonic, cathartic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and expectorant (roots)

Lactagogue (decoction of stem); a circulatory stimulant (inner bark of the stem); diuretic and febrifuge (stem and shoots).

Sudorific, diuretic and anti-lactant (rhizome); antigalactagogue, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, hypertensive, hypotensive, and sudorific (root infusion).

Demulcent, diaphoretic, galactogogue, stimulant, aphrodisiac (root bark powder); antimicrobial (root).

Demulcent, emollient, galactogogue and laxative (plant)

Vermifuge (flowers); galactagogue and emmenagogue (crushed seeds); antidote (roots)