Astringent, emmenagogue and a bitter tonic (bark); diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and strongly laxative (inner bark); aphrodisiac (seed)

Astringent, analgesic, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, diuretic and expectorant (bark)

Bitter tonic, astringent, antiperiodic (bark); astringent, cathartic, diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, laxative and purgative (leaves); carminative (seed)

Diaphoretic, diuretic and laxative (leaves)

Analgesic, anticoagulant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, astringent, diuretic, expectorant and stomachic (bark)

Diuretic, emollient and resolvent (bulb)

Antispasmodic, aperient, cholagogue, depurative, slightly diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, laxative, hepatoprotective and weakly tonic (herb)

Bitter, slightly acrid, astringent, laxative, diuretic and alterative (plant); for blood purification and in skin diseases, especially psoriasis (decoction)

Diaphoretic, diuretic, galactogogue and hypoglycaemic (leaves and flowering tops)

Astringent, diuretic and mildly expectorant (flowering plant)

Alterative, antiphlogistic, aperient, astringent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, tonic and vulnerary (whole plant except root)

Diaphoretic and diuretic (plant); contraceptive (decoction of plant).

Antispasmodic, cardiac, diaphoretic, diuretic, sedative (leaves); in the treatment of insomnia and nervous tension, varicose veins, biliary obstruction, hepatitis and jaundice (infusion)

Alterative, aperient, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, astringent, diuretic, hemostat, pectoral, purgative, sudorific and tonic (plant).

Laxative (heartwood, seed coat and gum resin); anthelmintic and diuretic; toxic (in high doses).

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, aromatic, astringent, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, stimulant and tonic (leaf and its oil).

Acts as vermifuge and diuretic (fruits); purgative (root decoction)

Cathartic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, stimulant and vasoconstrictor (twigs, leaves and flowering stems)

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antirheumatic, diuretic, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic and hypotensive (roots)

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antirheumatic, diuretic, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic and hypotensive (roots)