Expectorant, diaphoretic, aphrodisiac, laxative, emetic (in large doses), euphoriant, posionous (can be fatal) in very high doses, alleviates spasms, increases nerve strength, psychological aid, relaxing and stimulant.

Cathartic, diaphoretic and emetic (root); analgesic and febrifuge (leaves)

Antiperiodic, aromatic, mildly diaphoretic, laxative, stimulant, tonic (tea made from the bark)

Carminative and diaphoretic (flower buds and the seeds); antifungal, astringent, cytotoxic, hypotensive and a uterine stimulant (flower buds); anodyne and sedative (plant)

Stimulant, antimalarial, antirheumatic and diaphoretic (bark); toxic (wood).

Antiperiodic, aromatic, diaphoretic, laxative, stimulant and tonic (bark); hallucinogen (leaves or bark)

Stimulant, expectorant, tonic, increases the flow and/or secretion of milk, antiasthmatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, stomachic and mildly tonic (plant); antimicrobial (essential oil); astringent (leaves and seeds); stimulant, sudorific, emmenagogue and galactagogue (plant infusion)

Antiseptic, antispasmodic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, strongly expectorant, hepatic, stimulant and tonic (leaves and young flowering stems)

Stimulant, bitter, tonic, aromatic, emmenagogue, anodyne, antispasmodic, stomachic (plant); anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, sedative, stomachic, tonic and vasodilator (flower).

Antiseptic, antifungal, diaphoretic and expectorant (essential oil from leaves)

Sedative, reduces flatulence, aids in digestion, diaphoretic and tonic (to the brain).

Anodyne, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, antitussive, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emetic, emmenagogue, refrigerant, stimulant, stomachic, tonic and vasodilator (leaves)

Stimulant and astringent (leaf); antifungal and antibacterial (essential oil); anodyne, antiseptic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, refrigerant, stomachic, tonic, vasodilator (leaves and flowering plants)

Antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, sedative and stimulant (herb).

The herb is cooling, diuretic, febrifuge, relieves thrist, burning sensation of the body, stomachic, aperient, antiseptic and stimulates the heart. Diaphoretic (flowers and tender shoots).

Abortifacient, antipyretic, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, digestive and vermifuge; anthelmintic, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, rubefacient and stimulant (leaves and flowering stems)

Vermifuge (leaves); Alterative, analgesic, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, atipyretic, astringent, carcinogenic, cardiotonic, deobstruent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, laxative, stimulant.

The root is used as anthelmintic and astringent and the leaves as diaphoretic and emollient; hypoglycemic (root bark).

Antibacterial, astringent, diaphoretic, hypoglycaemic, odontalgic and ophthalmic (leaves); antirheumatic, diuretic, hypotensive and pectoral (stems); antitussive, diuretic, expectorant and hypotensive (root bark); anthelmintic and purgative (bark)

Repels insects and attracts cats (flower); antispasmodic, antitussive, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, slightly emmenagogue, refrigerant, sedative, slightly stimulant, stomachic and tonic (leaf and flower).