Aphrodisiac, demulcent, stimulates the secretion and/or flow of milk and the flow of bile and tonic; nutritive, expectorant and diuretic (decoction); tonic, alterative, aphrodisiac, demulcent, lactagogue and cholagogue (resin of root)

Emetic, diuretic and cathartic (dried root); alterative, anti-inflammatory, cathartic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and sialagogue (root)

Abortifacient, antibacterial, antiedemic, antiinflammatory, antimitotic, antimutagenic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, choleretic, diaphoretic, emetic, emmenagogue, estrogenic, expectorant, hallucinogen, hepatoprotective, hepatotoxic, immunostimulant, narcotic, sedative and vulnerary.

Lowers blood pressure, sedative and diuretic. Antihalitosis, powerfully antiseptic, antispasmodic, aromatic, carminative, cholagogue, diuretic, nervine, sedative, stimulant, stomachic and tonic (oil)

Antiphlogistic, cholagogue, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge and lithontripic (whole plant)

Stimulant, expectorant, tonic, increases the flow and/or secretion of milk, antiasthmatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, stomachic and mildly tonic (plant); antimicrobial (essential oil); astringent (leaves and seeds); stimulant, sudorific, emmenagogue and galactagogue (plant infusion)

Antiseptic, antispasmodic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, strongly expectorant, hepatic, stimulant and tonic (leaves and young flowering stems)

Stimulant, bitter, tonic, aromatic, emmenagogue, anodyne, antispasmodic, stomachic (plant); anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, sedative, stomachic, tonic and vasodilator (flower).

Anodyne, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, antitussive, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emetic, emmenagogue, refrigerant, stimulant, stomachic, tonic and vasodilator (leaves)

Stimulant and astringent (leaf); antifungal and antibacterial (essential oil); anodyne, antiseptic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, refrigerant, stomachic, tonic, vasodilator (leaves and flowering plants)

Peppermint and menthol possess carminative, antispasmodic, and choleretic properties, and are also used as an external analgesic and nasal decongestant. antiseptic, relieves flatulence, soothes the stomach stimulant and promotes the flow of bile (plant); alleviates spasms (leaf); antifungal (essential oil); diuretic and expectorant.

Laxative, diaphoretic, cholagogue, antiinflammatory (leaf juice); expectorant (bark).

Antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic and mildly tonic (herb)

Stimulant (essential oil); antimicrobial, expectorant, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, diaphoretic, aids in digestion and carminative (plant); antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic and mildly tonic (leaves and flowering stem)

Analgesic, antiseptic (urinary), bitter, cholagogue, diuretic, stimulant and tonic (leaves).

Alterative, antibacterial, antirheumatic, aphrodisiac, bitter stomachic, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, ophthalmic, skin, vasodilator and tonic (bark)

Alterative, antibacterial, antirheumatic, aphrodisiac, bitter stomachic, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, ophthalmic, skin, vasodilator and tonic (bark)

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, cathartic (in large doses), cholagogue, laxative, stomachic and bitter tonic (rhizome)

Expectorant and prevents stones in the urinary tract; aromatic, acrid, pungent, diuretic and diaphoretic (dried root); antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, resolvent and stomachic (leaves and root)

Alterative, anthelmintic, cholagogue, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, pectoral, purgative, tonic (root)