Hypotensive (50% EtOH aerial part extract); cardiacstimulant (aerial part); analgesic and anti-inflammatory; as an antidote for snake poison.

Anaesthetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, cardiotonic, stimulant and vasodilator (root).

Cardiotonic, diuretic, euphoriant, hallucinogen, narcotic, sedative and tranquilizer (leaves)

Antifungal, cardiotonic and expectorant (root).

Sedative, diuretic, poisonous, cardiotonic and vasoconstrictor.

Analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, astringent, cardiotonic, haemostatic, hypoglycaemic, taenicide and vasoconstrictor (stem and leaves); haemostatic, cardiotonic and hypoglycemic (plant); astringent, diuretic and tonic (root).

Analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antitumor. blood tonic, cardiotonic, diuretic, emmenagogue and galactogogue (stem)

Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

Anticancer (root and its bark, stem and leaf); antihypertensive and alleviates spasms (root); cardiotonic (leaf).

Analgesic, anticonvulsant, antidote, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, contraceptive, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, hydragogue, lactagogue, laxative, narcotic, tonic (plant); cardiotonic, cathartic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and expectorant (roots)

Cardiotonic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and expectorant (root)

Cardiotonic, diuretic and hypotensive (leaves or the whole herb)

Cardiotonic (wood alcohol extract); stimulant, antiasthmatic, carminative, tonic, aphorodisiac and astringent

Laxative, aphrodisiac, digestive, astringent, diuretic, stimulant, cardiotonic, emmenagogue, antimicrobial and anthelmintic; freshens breath and strengthens gums (paste).

Emetic, cathartic and astringent (root); antidysenteric, anthelmintic, sudorific (leaf juice) ; anti-ovulatory, anti-implantation and cardiotonic (plant)

Cardiotonic, diuretic and vasodilator (dried roots)

Aphrodisiac, diuretic, stomachic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective, laxative, anthelmintic, febrifuge, expectorant and, in higher doses, as an emetic and purgative (root)

Diuretic, stomachic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective, laxative, anthelmintic, febrifuge, expectorant and, in higher doses, as an emetic and purgative (root); aphrodisiac (root decoction); emetic, diuretic and laxative (decoctions of the roots and leaves); as a mild laxative and febrifuge (infusion of whole plant); abortifacient and ecbolic (infusion of leaves)

Cardiotonic, emetic, irritant, laxative, rodenticide

Antidiabetic, cardiotonic, stomachic, antifungal, antiulcerative, antiasthmatic and alleviates symptoms of rheumatism (leaf); increaseses secretion of gastric juices (leaf and seed); antihelmintic, diuretic, laxative and stomachic (seeds).