Emollient (capsules); astringent, antibilious and antiphlegmonous (root)

Analgesic, antiseptic (urinary), bitter, cholagogue, diuretic, stimulant and tonic (leaves).

Aphrodisiac, antibilious & mild sedative agent.

Alterative, antibacterial, antirheumatic, aphrodisiac, bitter stomachic, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, ophthalmic, skin, vasodilator and tonic (bark)

Alterative, antibacterial, antirheumatic, aphrodisiac, bitter stomachic, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, ophthalmic, skin, vasodilator and tonic (bark)

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, cathartic (in large doses), cholagogue, laxative, stomachic and bitter tonic (rhizome)

Expectorant and prevents stones in the urinary tract; aromatic, acrid, pungent, diuretic and diaphoretic (dried root); antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, resolvent and stomachic (leaves and root)

Alterative, anthelmintic, cholagogue, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, pectoral, purgative, tonic (root)

Antibacterial, antipyretic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, cholagogue, cooling, pectoral, sialagogue and vermifuge (unripe fruit); antispasmodic, carminative and febrifuge (half ripe smoke fruits)

Antiscorbutic, antispasmodic, astringent, cholagogue, digestive and diuretic (root); eliminates toxins from the body, shows anti-tumour activity (plant); diuretic and laxative (fresh leaf juice); carminative, diuretic, expectorant, laxative and stomachic (seed).

Antiscorbutic, antispasmodic, astringent, cholagogue, digestive, diuretic, tonic and laxative (root); anthelminthic, anti-tumour, antibacterial and antifungal (plant); diuretic and laxative (juice of the fresh leaves); carminative, diuretic, expectorant, laxative and stomachic (seeds)

Antiscorbutic, antispasmodic, astringent, cholagogue, digestive, diuretic, tonic and laxative (root); anthelminthic, anti-tumour, antibacterial and antifungal (plant); diuretic and laxative (juice of the fresh leaves); carminative, diuretic, expectorant, laxative and stomachic (seeds)

Antiscorbutic, antispasmodic, astringent, cholagogue, digestive, diuretic, tonic and laxative (root); anthelminthic, anti-tumour, antibacterial and antifungal (plant); diuretic and laxative (juice of the fresh leaves); carminative, diuretic, expectorant, laxative and stomachic (seeds)

Anticholesterolemic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitumor, aperient, astringent, cholagogue, demulcent, diuretic, laxative, purgative, stomachic and tonic (root)

Anticholesterolemic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitumor, aperient, astringent, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, antitumour, cholagogue, demulcent, diuretic, laxative, purgative, stomachic and tonic (root).

Astringent, antiseptic and styptic (leaf galls); depurative (leaves and roots); astringent and anthelmintic (stem bark); cholagogue (root bark);

Decreases spasms in the urinary tract and possibly diuretic (a reddish color from the herb appears in the urine); astringent, tonic, lithontriptic, aperient, cholagogue, diuretic and emmenagogue (roots)

Alterative, astringent, cholagogue, deobstruent, depurative, digestive, detergent, laxative and mildly tonic (root)

Acts as a gentle and safe laxative (plant); alterative, antiscorbutic, astringent, cholagogue, depurative, laxative and mildly tonic (root)

Antiseptic and antiasthmatic (leaf and flower); lowers blood sugar (leaf); antihydrotic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, cholagogue, galactofuge, stimulant, tonic, vasodilator, laxative, alleviates spasms and reduces fever and nausea (plant); kills insects and carminative (essential oil).