The whole plant, especially the leaves and the roots are used as astringent, carminative, febrifuge and tonic.

Antitussive, astringent, cholagogue, discutient, diuretic and emollient (whole plant)

Antispasmodic, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue and tonic (whole plant)

Anthelmintic and hypoglycemic (50% EtOH stem bark extract); nutritious, astringent and bitter (leaves); tonic, astringent, febrifuge, anti-diuretic (stem bark).

Antitussive, astringent, laxative and vulnerary (roots, leaves and flowers)

Sudorific (leaves); astringent and styptic (bark); vulnerary (aerial rootlets decoction)

Acrid, astringent, digestive, depurative, urinary astringent, ophthalmic, anthelmintic (seed and bark); anticancer, immunosuppressive and stimulates the cardiovascular system (stem).

Astringent, demulcent, diuretic and refrigerant (herb)

Cardiotonic (wood alcohol extract); stimulant, antiasthmatic, carminative, tonic, aphorodisiac and astringent

Astringent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, parasiticide (leaves, root, seed)

Astringent, diuretic, renal antiseptic (leaves, bark, root)

Appetizer, astringent, poultice, stomachic.

Astringent, diuretic and an antiseptic (dried leaves)

Antiseptic, astringent, diuretic, lithontripic, hypnotic and tonic (leaves)

Laxative, aphrodisiac, digestive, astringent, diuretic, stimulant, cardiotonic, emmenagogue, antimicrobial and anthelmintic; freshens breath and strengthens gums (paste).

As astringent and purgative (roots); antimicrobial (bark and stem extract)

Emetic, cathartic and astringent (root); antidysenteric, anthelmintic, sudorific (leaf juice) ; anti-ovulatory, anti-implantation and cardiotonic (plant)

Astringent (leaves)

Astringent (stem bark); antiprotozoal (aerial part); antitumor (kernel).

Astringent, tonic, alterative, purgative, emollient, anthelmintic, antiperiodic, anti-diabetic, antibacterial and antiviral.