Aromatic and carminative (root); carminative, deodorant and stimulant (seeds)

Aromatic, decongestant, stomachic (plant); diuretic and vermicidal (fruit); febrifuge (seed); anodyne, antiphlogistic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, stomachic and tonic (root)

Abortifacient, analgesic, carminative, depurative, diaphoretic, emetic, emmenagogue, stimulant, tonic and vermifuge (decotion of plant); aromatic, astringent, diaphoretic, febrifuge, stimulant, tonic and vermifuge (bark); carminative (fruit)

Antiperiodic, aromatic, mildly diaphoretic, laxative, stimulant, tonic (tea made from the bark)

Antiperiodic, aromatic, diaphoretic, laxative, stimulant and tonic (bark); hallucinogen (leaves or bark)

Stimulant, bitter, tonic, aromatic, emmenagogue, anodyne, antispasmodic, stomachic (plant); anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, sedative, stomachic, tonic and vasodilator (flower).

Anthelmintic and purgative (bark); anthelmintic and astringent (roots); aromatic, cooling and laxative (fruits).

Abortifacient, aromatic, astringent, emmenagogue and stomachic (leaves); antioxidant, antiviral, astringent, bactericide, diuretic, emetic, errhine, expectorant, fungicide, hepatoprotective, insecticide, insecticide, narcotic, sedative, sialagogue, stimulant, stomachic, toxic and vermifuge (plant)

Aromatic and astringent (bark); carminative, pectoral and stomachic (fruit)

Aromatic, carminative, expectorant and stomachic (whole plant); antiseptic (root)

Aromatic, balsamic, haemostatic and tonic (leaves); antiseptic (oil); carminative (fruit)

Sedative, antibacterial, antidote, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitussive, aromatic, carminative, diaphoretic, emollient, expectorant, pectoral, stomachic, tonic, hypothermic, alleviates spasms, antiasthmatic, abortifacient and stimulates the central nervous system (plant); stimulating the intestinal tract (essential oil); carminative, antiinflammatory and diaphoretic (seed, stem and leaf); antiasthmatic, antitussive, emollient and expectorant (seed)

The seed is antiseptic, antispasmodic, aromatic, carminative, digestive, expectorant, pectoral, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, slightly diuretic, stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, antimicrobial and kills certain insects.

Expectorant and prevents stones in the urinary tract; aromatic, acrid, pungent, diuretic and diaphoretic (dried root); antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, resolvent and stomachic (leaves and root)

Aromatic tonic, stimulant and internal styptic (leaves); antibacterial and insecticidal (essential oil).

Antitussive, astringent, pectoral, sedative, stomachic and tonic (bark of the root, trunk and branches); expectorant and mild sedative (root bark and the aromatic inner bark); astringent (fruit)

Bitter, astringent, sweet, cooling emollient aromatic, cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, expectorant, digestive, carminative, aphrodisiac, depurative, febrifuge, intellect promoting styptic (flowers)

Antispasmodic, astringent and carminative (plant); antispasmodic, appetizer, aromatic, astringent, balsamic, carminative, pectoral and tonic (whole plant and leaves)

Diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and antiseptic (plant); analgesic, astringent and febrifuge (blossoms); anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, aromatic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, febrifuge and stimulant (leaves and flowering tops)

Acrid, aromatic and sialagogue