Tonic, adaptogen, anticholesteremic, mildly anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, nervine and immune tonic (whole plant); adaptogen, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic, tonic and vasodilator (root and root bark).

Anthelmintic, antiasthmatic, anticholesterolemic, antiseptic, cancer, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, vasodilator, lowers serum blood cholesterol (while increasing the level of HDL), lowers blood fats, stimulates detoxifying enzymes (from the liver), antioxidant, antibiotic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, ascaricide and certain other parasites.

Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

Antiaggregant, antioxidant, aperient, demulcent, emollient and pectoral (oil from the seeds); anti-inflammatory, aphrodisiac, decoagulant, demulcent, pectoral, and peptic (seeds).

Antibacterial, diuretic, hypoglycaemic, sedative, stomachic and tonic (root); anticancer, anticholinergic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, cardioactive, fungicide, hepatoprotective, immunostimulant, laxative, tonic, uterorelaxant.

Antioxidant

Antimicrobial, diuretic, digestive stimulant, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic (leaves); antioxidant, hepatoprotective, insect repellant, diuretic, hypocholesterolemic (seeds).

Amyolytic, antiaggregant, antiallergic, antiherpetic, antihistaminic, antiinflammatory, antimetabolic, antioxidant, antiviral, fungicide, hemolytic, hypocholesterolemic, mitogenic, hypotensive

Emollient and lubricant (mucilage of leaves); aphrodisiac (plant); antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, cytotoxic, antitumour and insecticidal (seed oil)

Alterative, antispasmodic, antioxidant, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, litholytic, sedative, tonic, vasodilator and vulnerary (whole plant or fresh root); emetic (leaves)

Antiherpetic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antiradicular, antiseptic, antitumor, antiviral, cytotoxic, hemostat and vulnerary.

Antioxidant and antiviral (leaves)

Antioxidant, Antiradicular, Nootropic

Acrid, coolant, refrigerant, diuretic, aphrodisiac, laxative, expectorant, cardiotonic, antipyretic, antioxidative, antiviral, anti-emetic.

Antioxidant and astringent (fruit)

Sedative, antiinflammatory, antibacterial (against gram-positive types), antiviral, antioxidant, vasodilating, antidepressant, diuretic and cardiotonic, stimulates the immune system, inhibits tumors; inhibits the breakdown of CNS neurotransmitters.

Analgesic, depresses the central nervous system (alcohol fruit extract) and antioxidant.

Anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antioxidant and astringent (fruits)

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-leukemic, antioxidant, antitumorous, stomach stimulant

Abortifacient, aromatic, astringent, emmenagogue and stomachic (leaves); antioxidant, antiviral, astringent, bactericide, diuretic, emetic, errhine, expectorant, fungicide, hepatoprotective, insecticide, insecticide, narcotic, sedative, sialagogue, stimulant, stomachic, toxic and vermifuge (plant)