The leaves and the flowers are cardiotonic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant and sternutatory; cardiotonic (leaf, bark, root and seed); induces tears (fresh leaf juice); stimulant, antiinflammatory and relieves pain (bark, root and seed)

Laxative, diaphoretic, cholagogue, antiinflammatory (leaf juice); expectorant (bark).

Laxative (resin and root) and antiinflammatory (root); purgative (root-bark)

Stimulant (essential oil); antimicrobial, expectorant, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, diaphoretic, aids in digestion and carminative (plant); antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic and mildly tonic (leaves and flowering stem)

Roots are considered to be emetic, emollient and carminative, useful in colic, spasm, rheumatism and gout. Leaves and roots are considered to be a tonic. Stimulates the central nervous system. alleviates spasms and anticancer (leaf); immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory (plant).

Antiinflammatory, diuretic, hypothermic and depresses the central nervous system (plant); laxative and emetic (seed).

Aphrodisiac, acrid, antiinflammatory, astringent, cooling and hypothermic (plant).

Sedative, antibacterial, antidote, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitussive, aromatic, carminative, diaphoretic, emollient, expectorant, pectoral, stomachic, tonic, hypothermic, alleviates spasms, antiasthmatic, abortifacient and stimulates the central nervous system (plant); stimulating the intestinal tract (essential oil); carminative, antiinflammatory and diaphoretic (seed, stem and leaf); antiasthmatic, antitussive, emollient and expectorant (seed)

Diuretic, stimulant, carminative, antifungal, antibacterial, kills certain larvae and tapeworms and stimulates the secretion of gastric juices (fruit); lowers blood pressure (leaf), abortifacient, antiinflammatory and rubefacient.

Astringent, demulcent, mildly expectorant, haemostatic, ophthalmic and antibiotic (leaf); Diuretic, hypothermic and antibacterial (plant); vulnerary, alterative, astringent and antiinflammatory (root and leaf); ; diuretic, purgative and haemostatic (seeds)

Cholinergic and relaxes smooth muscles, antipyretic, analgesic, laxative and nervine tonic (plant); antiinflammatory (stem); antiimplantation (aerial part); succulent, aperient (leaves); alexiteric, antipyretic, bitter, laxative and thermogenic (root)

Antipyretic, spermicidal, antivenin (plant); antiinflammatory (leaf); demulcent and astringent (stem and leaf)

Antidote, antiinflammatory, antispasmodic, cathartic, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, secretagogue, secretolytic, sialagogue, stimulant and tonic (root); abortifacient (bark infusion)

Analgesic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, astringent, depurative, emetic, laxative, sedative, tonic, vulnerary.

Alleviates spasms, antiinflammatory, hemostatic and astringent (plant); antibacterial (aerial part).

Antispasmodic, antiinflammatory and induces constipation; antibiotic, strongly astringent, haemostatic and hypoglycaemic (root)

Antiinflammatory and antiseptic (salted fruit); antipyretic, antiseptic, emetic, ophthalmic; analgesic, anthelmintic, antiasthmatic, antispasmodic, antitussive, demulcent, emollient, expectorant, pectoral, sedative and vulnerary (seed)

Astringent, bitter and febrifuge (bark); analgesic, anticancer, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antipyretic, astringent, diuretic, hematonic, pectoral, sedative, tonic (berry)

Anthelminthic, antibacterial, anticancer, antiedemic, anti-HIV, antiinflammatory, antileukemic, antimalarial, antimelanomic, antinociceptive, antiplasmodial, antiseptic, antitumor, antiviral, aphrodisiac, apoptotic, cytotoxic, depurative, phospholipase-A2 inhibitor (flowers, pods, seeds and roots).

Antiinflammatory, insect repellent and disinfectant (flower); anticephalalgic (bark); hypothermic and stimulates the central nervous system (leaf).