Stimulant, antibacterial, analgesic, rubefacient, expectorant, restorative, febrifuge and antipyretic (seed).

Antibacterial (essential leaf oil)

Antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal, antimitotic (plant)

Anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, antipruritic, astringent, bitter, carminative, diuretic, febrifuge, parasiticide, pectoral, stomachic and tonic (root); anthelmintic and diuretic (plant)

Diuretic, emollient, febrifuge, tonic and antifertility (plant); laxative (leaves); styptic (flowers and pods); antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, haemostatic and hypotensive (flower and flower buds); abortifacient (seedpods); emetic and haemostatic (seeds).

Anthelmintic (seed and root); diuretic, hypoglycemic and aphrodisiac (plant); antibacterial and antifungal (essential oil); depurifies the body, alterant, depurative, refrigerant and tonic (flower).

Antidote (fruits), antibacterial (plant), abortifacient (bark)

Antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, antiviral, aphrodisiac, carminative, deodorant, diuretic, expectorant, immunostimulant, laxative, sedative, stimulant, vermifuge.

Antiviral, stimulates the secretion of gastric juices. aphrodisiac and carminative (bud); antiinflammatory (plant); antibacterial, rubefacient, counter-irritant, antispasmodic, aids in stabilizing blood circulation, regulates body temperature and analgesic.

Astringent (bark); antiviral (kernel); stimulates the cardiovascular system (aerial part); antibacterial (leaf); hypoglycemic (powdered kernel and fruit); decreases free radical formation.

The whole herb is anthelmintic, aromatic, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, sedative and stomachic; laxative and kills nematodes (root); antibacterial (against Gram-positive types) (flower extract)

Analgesic, anaesthetic, antispasmodic, antibacterial, antidote, candidicide, digestive, diuretic, febrifuge, fungicide, hypotensive, myorelaxant, nematicide, narcotic, sedative, hallucinogenic, stimulant and pediculicide (leaves and whole plant)

Antibacterial, cholagogue, decongestant, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge, galactogogue, laxative and stomachic (plant); anticancer (stem)

Antibacterial (stem extract); mild relaxant, cordiotonic and choleretic (bark)

Expectorant, dissolves mucous, diuretic, antibiotic, sedative and anthelmintic (flower and leaf); antiseptic, stimulant and alleviates spasms (especially to the bronchial tubes and digestive organs) (essential oil); antibacterial (leaf and stem); antiseptic, anthelmintic, expectorant, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue and sediative (plant); anthelmintic, strongly antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, deodorant, diaphoretic, disinfectant, expectorant, sedative and tonic (flowering tops)

Restorative and tonic (leaves); analgesic, antibacterial, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, depurative, emmenagogue, febrifuge, resolvent, tonic and vasodilator (flowering stem); cardiotonic and haemostatic (seeds)

Febrifuge (leaves and stem); antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, antifungal, depurative, emollient, expectorant and laxative (fruit); antibiotic, abortifacient, anti-inflammatory, febrifuge, galactogogue, laxative, oxytocic, sialagogue and uterine tonic (root); antitussive, emollient and expectorant (seed)

Febrifuge (leaf, stem); antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, antifungal, depurative, emollient, expectorant and laxative (fruit); antitussive, emollient and expectorant (seed); antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, febrifuge, galactogogue, laxative, oxytocic, sialagogue and uterine tonic (root)

Sedative and kills bacteria (rhizome and root), alleviates spasms and expectorant (root), antibacterial (essential oil), antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic, hypnotic, nervine, stimulant.

Antiarthritic, laxative, antibacterial, antitubercular, and antipyretic (root).