Vermifuge (bark, leaves)

Diuretic, laxative, anthelmintic, galactagogue and emmenagogue(leaf); anticonvulsive, alleviates spasms, relaxes smooth muscles and depresses the central nervous system (bark).

Anodyne, carminative, diuretic, nervine and vermifuge (leaves); diuretic and anthelmintic (whole plant).

Anodyne, antibacterial, antiviral, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, nervine and vermifuge (leaves and stems); restorative (root)

Antiperiodic, cathartic and anticancerous (whole plant); febrifuge and vermifuge (leaves and stems); anthelmintic (root); purgative (oil from the seeds)

Anthelmintic, depurative, diuretic, styptic and vulnerary (whole plant)

Anthelmintic,cathartic, laxative, kills mollusks and aids in inducing inflammation (latex); alleviates spasms and antiviral (stem).

Antifungal, anthelmintic, reduces fever, diuretic and anti-phlogistic.

Purgative (bark); abortifacient (roots); anthelmintic (resin); anticolic (leaves).

Anodyne, anthelmintic, antiphlogistic, carminative, depurative and febrifuge (whole plant); capillary tonic, antioedemic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and hypotensive (leaves)

Abortifacient, antiseptic, depurative, tonic and vermifuge.

Anthelmintic, antispasmodic, carminative, contraceptive, diaphoretic, expectorant, nervine.

Antispasmodic, aperitif, emmenagogue, mucostimulant, narcotic, nervine, sedative, stimulant, tonic, tranquilizer, uterotonic and vermifuge (root)

Used as a tonic and galactagogue (fruits and leaves); anthelmintic (latex)

Astringent, antiviral, anthelmintic, lowers blood sugar and antiprotozoal (bark).

Emetic and anthelmintic (latex and fruits); vermifuge (latex).

Antirheumatic (seed); diuretic, alleviates spasms, hypothermic, antistrychnine and stimulates the central nervous and cardiovascular systems (aerial part); anthelminthic (fruit)

Employed both externally and internally as an anthelmintic for children (leaves); as contraceptive for women (seeds).

Anthelmintic, febrifuge and vulnerary

Purgative, emetic and vermifuge.