Demulcent and alterative (plant); antibacterial (leaves soaked in water)

Antiviral, Anticancer, alterative, anodyne, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, cardiotonic, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge and sedative (whole plant)

Demulcent (root), antibacterial (essential root oil), antiviral (plant), diaphoretic, diuretic, purifies blood and restores normal bodily functions, alterative, tonic, has antibacterial and antilithic activity.

Promote production of saliva, bile and other digestive enzymes, alterative, antidiarrheal, antiperiodic, antiseptic, aperient, apertif, astringent (mucous membranes in gut), blood cleanser, cancer treatment, carminative, cicatrizant, detergent and diuretic.

Astringent, alterative, stomachic and externally as vulnerary (plant).

Astringent and alterative (plant)

Demulcent, alterative, tonic, diaphoretic, diuretic antiviral (plant); antipyretic (root, leaf and stalk); purifies blood (root).

Discutient and vulnerary (leaves); alterative, antibacterial, carminative, cholagogue, deobstruent, depurative, diuretic, expectorant, laxative, nervine, stomachic, tonic and vulnerary (flowers); discutient, resolvent and vulnerary (roots)

Aphrodisiac, demulcent, stimulates the secretion and/or flow of milk and the flow of bile and tonic; nutritive, expectorant and diuretic (decoction); tonic, alterative, aphrodisiac, demulcent, lactagogue and cholagogue (resin of root)

The plant is mucilaginous, astringent, stomachic, alterative, tonic, diuretic and laxative counteracts or neutralizes the effects of histamine (essential leaf oil); analgesic (plant)

Emetic, diuretic and cathartic (dried root); alterative, anti-inflammatory, cathartic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and sialagogue (root)

Alterative, anodyne, astringent, blood tonic, detergent, emetic, laxative, pectoral and vermifuge (bark and leaves)

The leaves are alterative, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, astringent and depurative. The seeds are antilithic, diuretic and stimulant; anthelmintic (leaf, unripe shell, green hull, bark and fruit oil); antisyphilis (unripe shell and green hull); cleansing (bark and leaf); restores health (bark, fruit and leaf); laxative (fruit oil)

Acts as an astringent, alterative, expectorant, laxative and diuretic (leaves)

Alterative, diuretic, laxative and tonic (bark); astringent (leaves); expectorant (buds and bark); disinfectant and laxative (needles and inner bark).

Alterative, antipruritic, antiscorbutic, astringent, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge and soporific (whole plant)

Diuretic (leaves); emmenagogue (dried flowers); antibacterial, diuretic, emmenagogue, hypotensive, ophthalmic and vasodilator (fruit); aphrodisiac, diuretic, emmenagogue, ophthalmic (seed); alterative, antibacterial, antifungal, depurative, diuretic, emmenagogue, hypotensive, vasodilator and vulnerary (aerial parts)

Antiviral, as an anti-pyretic, stomachic (plant); diuretic (dried flowers); alterative, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge (stem and flower buds)

Fresh juice of the plant is alterative, while the spirit distilled from the flowers is powerful stimulant, astringent, tonic and appetiser. Flowers are cooling demulcent, expectorant, tonic nutritive and stimulant, antidiabetic and hypotensive (bark); antibacterial (aerial part); spermicide (seed); astringent (bark and flower).

Alterative, tonic and stimulant (root)