Used as a purgative and abortifacient (infusion of leaves); emmenagogue and abortifacient (roots); astringent (fruit)

Purgative, stomachic, aphrodisiac, abortifacient and vermifuge (roots); purgative and abortifacient (stem bark); tonic (seed)

Anthelmintic (seeds); diuretic and purgative; abortifacient (leaves)

As a laxative and emetic (leaves and bark); purgative (roots and bark); abortifacient (decoction of inner bark)

Abortifacient, analgesic, anesthetic, anthelminthic, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antiperiodic, antipyretic, antiseptic, cardiodepressant, cardiotonic, gastrostimulant, hypotensive, oxytocic, stimulant, teratogenic, tonic, uterotonic.

Abortifacient, analgesic, antidote, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, astringent, carcinogenic, choleretic, emmenagogue, emetic, expectorant, laxative, vermifuge, vulnerary.

Abortifacient, anodyne, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, appetizer, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, narcotic, sedative, stimulant.

Emmenagogue, abortifacient, refrigerant, demulcent, emetic, purgative and abortive (leaves). Root is astringent; seeds are corrective of blood, antiimplantation and toxic to the liver.

Abortifacient (juice of the stem); diuretic (decoction of stem); expectorant (flowers); mild laxative (stem and leaves); haemostatic and cicatrizant (pulped plant).

An antidote to poisons and as abortifacient (roots); diuretic (decoction of rhizomes)

Emmenagogue, and an abortifacient if the dose is excessive (decoction of the wood of the stem or root).

Anticoagulant, antiseptic, antitussive, antiviral, diuretic, purgative and stomachic (buds); abortifacient, anticoagulant, diuretic, purgative and vesicant (root)

Abortifacient (stem); antiviral and lowers blood pressure (50% EtOH plant extract, excluding root); increases blood pressure and myocardial effect (leaf extract); narcotic (bark)

Abortifacient, contraceptive, diuretic, emmenagogue, ophthalmic, tonic and vulnerary (plant); astringent, diuretic, haemostatic, resolvent and vulnerary (flowers).

Abortifacient, anthelmintic, antispasmodic, aromatic, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, galactogogue, stimulant and tonic (flowering stem, root bark)

Abortifacient (bark)

Abortifacient, astringent, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, haemostatic, hypotensive and styptic (whole plant)

Abortifacient (leaves)

Abortifacient, carcinogenic, emetic, immunostimulant, irritant, laxative, rubefacient, sialagogue, toxic and vesicant.

Purgative (bark); abortifacient (roots); anthelmintic (resin); anticolic (leaves).