Emollient, sudorific or antiscorbutic (leaves)

Antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal (essential leaf oil), diuretic and sudorific

Antifungal, antibacterial, antiperiodic, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, aromatic, cardiac, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenaggue, febrifuge, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, tonic and vermifuge (root); anodyne, antiperiodic, antispasmodic, digestive, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, sudorific, tonic, vermifuge (whole plant)

Diuretic, expectorant (plant); antidandruff, antitussive, astringent, demulcent, depurative, emetic, weakly emmenagogue, emollient, weakly expectorant, febrifuge, galactogogue, laxative, pectoral, refrigerant, stimulant, sudorific and tonic (fresh or dried leafy fronds)

Laxative (raw seed); purgative (bark oil); laxative, stimulant and sudorific (kernel).

Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

Sudorific (leaves); astringent and styptic (bark); vulnerary (aerial rootlets decoction)

Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, appetiser, cathartic, emmenagogue, sudorific, thermogenic, vulnerary, laxative, anthelmintic and oxytocic (plant); larvicidal and antigonorrheic (leaf)

Sudorific, diuretic and anti-lactant (rhizome); antigalactagogue, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, hypertensive, hypotensive, and sudorific (root infusion).

Emetic, cathartic and astringent (root); antidysenteric, anthelmintic, sudorific (leaf juice) ; anti-ovulatory, anti-implantation and cardiotonic (plant)

Antiseptic, aperient, astringent, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, narcotic, sedative, styptic and sudorific (whole plant)

Sudorific (leaves)

Organic extract causes a reduction of reverse transcriptase activity accounting for its anti-HIV action (Kalvatchev), antiprotozoal and antispamodic (plant); antibacterial (essential oil and flower); reduces fever, diaphoretic, antiemetic and carminative; stimulant, bitter, tonic, sudorific, febrifuge, carminative, anti-emetic and anthelmintic (florets).

Sudorific (leaves or roots); antifertility (juice from boiled branches); antispasmodic during childbirth (root extracts and bark).

Alterative, analgesic, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, astringent, blood cleanser, cardiac, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, sedative, stimulant, sudorific and tonic.

Diaphoretic, rubefacient and vesicant (leaves); blistering and rubefacient (seed and leaf); anthelmintic, carminative, rubefacient and vesicant (seeds); rubifacient, vesicant, sudorific and antifungal properties (leaves); irritant, acrid, rubifacient and vesicant (bark).

Antisudorific and tonic bath (leaves)

The root is used as a mild laxative, sudorific and antipyretic. Alleviates spasms, anticonvulsant, lowers blood pressure, sedative, slows heartbeat and cardiotonic (root and stem); diuretic (aerial part); reduces fever and expectorant (root).

Astringent, diuretic, ophthalmic, alterative, anabolic, antiseptic, aperient, cyanogenetic, demulcent, depurative, emollient, sudorific, vulnerary, hypoglycemic.

Used as a sudorific and diuretic (flower buds); antiviral (crushed leaves)