Anticancer, fungicidal, antiseptic, tonic and parasiticidal (plant); anthelmintic, antiasthmatic, anticholesterolemic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, vasodilator (bulb)

Anthelmintic, antiasthmatic, anticholesterolemic, antiseptic, cancer, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, vasodilator, lowers serum blood cholesterol (while increasing the level of HDL), lowers blood fats, stimulates detoxifying enzymes (from the liver), antioxidant, antibiotic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, ascaricide and certain other parasites.

Antibacterial, cardiac, depurative, digestive, stimulant, anti-emetic, stomachic and tonic (plant); antiseptic and vulnerary (leaves and bulbs); as antiseptic mouthwash, carminative and stomachic (seeds).

Appetizer, astringent, cathartic, cytostatic, emetic, stomachic and tonic (bark)

Anti-cancerous, emmenagogue, emollient, laxative, purgative, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, vermifuge, vulnerary, abortifacient. antiseptic. promotes or stimulates the flow of bile, decoagulant, antibacterial, demulcent, stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, ecbolic, insecticidal, anthlemintic (antitubercular), oxytocic and reduces fever.

Stomachic (seed)

Stomachic (infusion of the rhizome)

Stomachic, antidiuretic (decoction of ripe fruits).

As a stomachic, carminative, astringent, tonic and sedative (rhizome); diuretic, antihypertensive, and antiulcerogenic (decoction or infusion of leaves).

Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

Expectorant and carminative; prevents gastric ulcers (root extract); bitter, pungent, carminative, expectorant, stomachic, antiscorbutic and antipyretic (resin); astringent, depurative and antisyphilitic (root bark).

As a stomachic and tonic, especially after childbirth (seed); as tonic (decoction of the whole plant)

Stimulant, stomachic, carminative, hypoglycemic (rhizome and root); deters growth of keratinophilic fungi (seed oil); increases the secretion of gastric juices, stimulant, astringent and alexipharmic (seed).

Stomachic (dried ripe fruit)

Oxytocic (plant); aperient,carminative and expectorant; the fresh ones are an acrid stimulant and expectorant, and increase appetite and taste (corns); restorative, stomachic, tonic.

Astringent, anodyne, tonic, alexipharmic, tonic, febrifuge, stomachic, cholagogue, stimulant, aperient, antityphoid, antifungal, protects liver, antidiabetic and cholinergic (plant); lowers blood pressure (leaf); antibacterial (shoot).

The root is analgesic, antiarthritic, anticancer, anticonvulsant, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, CNS Depressant, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic,emetic, immunostimulant, laxative, myorelaxant and sedative. The whole plant is analgesic, antiperiodic, antiphlogistic, blood purifier, disinfectant, diuretic, laxative, stomachic and vulnerary.

Antihalitosis, aromatic, carminative, diuretic, galactogogue, stimulant, stomachic, aromatic carminative, reduces fever and anthelmintic (fruit); abortifacient (in rats) (seed extract); hypoglycemic, alleviates spasms (50% EtOH extract from fruit).

Carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic, stomachic, tonic, expectorant and antiseptic.

Carminative and stomachic (leaves); carminative, diaphoretic, sedative, stomachic and tonic (root); aromatic, stimulant, expectorant, diuretic, and emmenagogue