Alterative, antiseptic, astringent, galactogogue, haemostatic, rubefacient and tonic (bark or root bark); appetizer, astringent, diuretic and emetic (tea made from the roots); diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, purgative and refrigerant (berries)

Sedative, antibacterial, abortifacient, antiinflammatory, alleviates spasms, stimulant and diuretic (plant); antirheumatic, antihysteric and analgesic (leaf); antiepileptic, rubefacient and anthelmintic (volatile oil); antidote, antispasmodic, carminative, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, haemostatic, homeopathy, ophthalmic, rubefacient, stimulant, stomachic.

Abortifacient, astringent, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, hypotensive, laxative, rubefacient, vermifuge and vulnerary (plant)

Antibacterial, antifungal, appetizer, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, rubefacient and stimulant (seed)

Stimulant, antibacterial, analgesic, rubefacient, expectorant, restorative, febrifuge and antipyretic (seed).

Antiviral, stimulates the secretion of gastric juices. aphrodisiac and carminative (bud); antiinflammatory (plant); antibacterial, rubefacient, counter-irritant, antispasmodic, aids in stabilizing blood circulation, regulates body temperature and analgesic.

Emetic (berries); antiecchymotic, diuretic, emetic, haemolytic and rubefacient (root)

Antiviral, diuretic, abortifacient (plant); Alterative, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, aromatic, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic and emmenagogue (recently dried leafy young twigs); antiseptic, expectorant and rubefacient (leaf esssential oil)

Analgesic, antiemetic, aphrodisiac, aromatic, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, expectorant, nervine, rubefacient, stimulant, stomachic.