Anti-pyretic, bechic, diuretic, expectorant, nervine, stimulant and tonic (root); antitussive and stomachic (dried root).

Antispasmodic, aperient, cardiac, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, sedative and tonic (plant); diaphoretic, hypotensive, strongly diuretic and laxative (roots); cardiac sedative, palliative, diuretic and laxative (rhizome); antibiotic (seed).

Used as liver and kidney tonic, and ophthalmic (seed)

Adaptogen, antipyretic, diuretic, tonic, uterine stimulant and vasodilator (root); antipyretic, diuretic, pectoral and tonic (plant); bactericidal, hypoglycaemic and hypotensive (plant extract)

Cardiotonic, diuretic and vasodilator (dried roots)

Antiemetic, appetizer, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, stomachic and tonic (rhizome)

Antibacterial, antiemetic, appetizer, digestive, diuretic, hypoglycaemic, sedative, stomachic and tonic (root)

Antibacterial, diuretic, hypoglycaemic, sedative, stomachic and tonic (root); anticancer, anticholinergic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, cardioactive, fungicide, hepatoprotective, immunostimulant, laxative, tonic, uterorelaxant.

Astringent, tonic, alterative, purgative, emollient, anthelmintic, antiperiodic, anti-diabetic, antibacterial and antiviral.

Diuretic, disinfectant, odontalgic and stimulant tonic (plant)

Astringent, diuretic, laxative and a tonic for the heart and nerves.

Aphrodisiac, diuretic, demulcent, tonic, pectoral, stimulant, antifertility.

Diuretic, urinary antiseptic, tonic, stimulant

Vermifuge (decoction of the root-bark); used as an astringent gargle (infusion of bark); diuretic (fruit); tonic and aphrodisiac (seeds).

As aphrodisiac (fruit); tonic and vermifuge (seeds); demulcent (leaves)

Analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, depurative, expectorant, febrifuge, pectoral, purgative, stomachic and tonic (root)

Anodyne, antispasmodic, antitussive, demulcent, digestive, emollient, expectorant, laxative, ophthalmic, purgative and tonic (herb)

Anti-inflammatory, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, tonic, aphrodisiac (fruit); anthelmintic (seed); antiviral (plant); highly nutritive, cooling, laxative and diuretic.

Diaphoretic and laxative (stem); tonic and antiperiodic (root bark); antiperiodic and anticancer, diaphoretic and antipyretic, stimulates the cardiovascular system and alleviates spasms (root).

Antiprotozoal (plant); hypothermic (fruit); laxative (fruit and root); promotes or stimulates the flow of bile and dilates blood vessels (root bark); antiseptic, astringent, cholagogue, hepatic, purgative, refrigerant, stomachic and tonic (bark and root bark)