Antirheumatic, rubefacient and tonic (leaves); antiseptic, neurotonic, vesicant and toxic (plant).

As a general tonic, emmenagogue, carminative, sedative, oxytocic and galactagogue (roots).

Carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic, stomachic, tonic, expectorant and antiseptic.

Carminative and stomachic (leaves); carminative, diaphoretic, sedative, stomachic and tonic (root); aromatic, stimulant, expectorant, diuretic, and emmenagogue

Analgesic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, antitussive, expectorant and stimulant (root); antiseptic, antiarthritic, antispasmodic, carminative, lenitive, stimulant, stomachic, tonic (plant)

Antipyretic, carminative, emetic, gastrotonic, laxative, stimulant, stomachic, tonic.

Hypothermic, astringent, aromatic, astringent, carminative, mosquito repellent and tonic (plant); hypothermic activity (ethanolic extract (50%) of the herb).

The whole plant, especially the leaves and the roots are used as astringent, carminative, febrifuge and tonic.

Anticancer (root and its bark, stem and leaf); antihypertensive and alleviates spasms (root); cardiotonic (leaf).

Antispasmodic, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue and tonic (whole plant)

Achic, anodyne, antispasmodic, tonic, diuretic, emmenagogue, emetic (plant); anticancer, stimulant and carminative (flower); sedative, antiinflammatory and antidiuretic (oil).

Anthelmintic and hypoglycemic (50% EtOH stem bark extract); nutritious, astringent and bitter (leaves); tonic, astringent, febrifuge, anti-diuretic (stem bark).

Aperient, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, nervine, stimulant, tonic, increases nerve strength (fruit); anticonvulsant, tranquillizing and antifungal (essential seed oil); potent aphrodisiac (seed); antigalactogogue, antiseptic.

Analgesic, anticonvulsant, antidote, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, contraceptive, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, hydragogue, lactagogue, laxative, narcotic, tonic (plant); cardiotonic, cathartic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and expectorant (roots)

Cardiotonic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and expectorant (root)

Cardiotonic, diuretic and hypotensive (leaves or the whole herb)

Cardiotonic (wood alcohol extract); stimulant, antiasthmatic, carminative, tonic, aphorodisiac and astringent

Stomachic, stimulant, aphrodisiac, tonic, diuretic and tranquillizer (wood)

Analgesic, antiinflammatory, carminative, diuretic, febrifuge, stimulant, stomachic and tonic (root)

As stomachic, febrifuge, expectorant, tonic, and emmenagogue or abortifacient (decoction or infusion of the stem); antiseptic (decoction of the wood)