Bitter and stomachic (whole plant); aperitif, bitter, cardiotonic, tonic (shoots)

Astringent, cooling and tonic (bark)

Used as a tonic or a diuretic (fruit); diuretic and expectorant (leaf decoction); febrifuge (juice of macerated leaves); emetic and cathartic (bark)

Diuretic and antipyretic (decoction of whole plant); tonic (leaves); febrifuge (decoction of roots).

Abortifacient, vermifuge (essential flower and leaf oil); tonic, stimulant, emmenagogue, diaphoretic and insect-repellent (decoction of dried leaves and flowertops)

All parts of the plant, but especially the root, are slightly aperient, cholagogue, depurative, strongly diuretic, hepatic, laxative, stomachic and tonic. The root is also experimentally cholagogue, hypoglycaemic and a weak antibiotic against yeast infections; antitumor and hypoglycemic (plant); prevents gall and kidney stone formation and aids in eliminating these stones. if present (root and leaf).

All parts of the plant, except the fleshy fruit, are antispasmodic, cardiotonic, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, narcotic and purgative; cardiotonic and abortifacient (leaf); anticancer (bark); “hypothesmic activity” (aerial part); antispasmodic and sedative (fruit and leaf); narcotic and toxic (leaf. young aerial part and shoot)

Antibacterial (stem extract); mild relaxant, cordiotonic and choleretic (bark)

Anthelmintic, diaphoretic, diuretic, pectoral and tonic (root)

The bark is bitter, styptic, diuretic and cardiotonic.

Alterative, astringent, cardiac stimulant, hemostatic, lithontriptic, rejuvinative, tonic.

Anthelmintic, antiseptic, astringent, expectorant, laxative, lithotriptic, rejuvenative, tonic.

Sudorific (leaves); vermifuge (decoction of leaves); diuretic and cardiotonic (tannin from bark and leaves).

Anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, aperient, aromatic, astringent, bitter, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, stimulant and tonic (whole plant).

Anthelmintic, antifungal, antiseptic, diaphoretic and tonic (plant); vermifuge (dried leaves).

Alterative, antipyretic, antiscorbutic, antiseptic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, tonic and vulnerary.

Emetic (decoction of bark or leaves); purgative, violent emetic and abortifacient (seeds); cardiotonic (purified thevetin from seed).

Considered an excellent tonic (rhizome)

Anthelmintic, strongly antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, antimastitis, deodorant, diaphoretic, disinfectant, expectorant, sedative, tonic (plant); vermifuge (seeds)

Expectorant, dissolves mucous, diuretic, antibiotic, sedative and anthelmintic (flower and leaf); antiseptic, stimulant and alleviates spasms (especially to the bronchial tubes and digestive organs) (essential oil); antibacterial (leaf and stem); antiseptic, anthelmintic, expectorant, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue and sediative (plant); anthelmintic, strongly antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, deodorant, diaphoretic, disinfectant, expectorant, sedative and tonic (flowering tops)