Pungent, alterative, alexiteric, antidysenteric, antiulcer,antierysipelas,antiepileptic

Laxative, astringent, pungent, anthelmintic, purgative and emetic (root bark); alleviates spasms, antiprotozoal and hypoglycemic (leaf).

Expectorant and carminative; prevents gastric ulcers (root extract); bitter, pungent, carminative, expectorant, stomachic, antiscorbutic and antipyretic (resin); astringent, depurative and antisyphilitic (root bark).

Antifertility (flower and seed); anthelmintic and laxative (seed); astringent (gum); stops secretions and hemostatic, bitter, pungent, emmenagogue, alliterative,tonic, diuretic, aphrodisiac.

Lessens permeability of walls of blood vessels (leaf and flower); lowers blood pressure, bitter, pungent, astringent, febrifugal, emmenagogue, hemostatic, diuretic and antiscorbutic (plant).

Anticephalagic (plant and seed); antiseptic, alleviates spasms, antiprotozoal, stimulates the central nervous system, diuretic and hypothermic (plant); induces sneezing (leaf and seed powder); anti-allergic, antibacterial; bitter, pungent, expectorant, emetic and carminative (leaves); vermifuge (seed).

Acrid, bitter, pungent, as a diaphoretic stimulant, carminative, emmenagogue (roots and rhizome); stimulant, carminative, antispasmodic and diaphoretic (oil)

The plant is pungent and very bitter; anthelmintic. It is also considered to have tonic, stomachic and laxative properties, stimulates the heart; antipsychotic and antiinflammatory (plant); carminative.

Pungent, bitter, warm herb that dilates the bronchial vessels whilst stimulating the heart and central nervous system. Antidote, diaphoretic, diuretic, pectoral, vasoconstrictor and vasodilator (stem); antihydrotic (root)

The plant is bitter, pungent, laxative, carminative and alexipharmic. The milky juice of its stem is used as purgative, rubefacient and expectorant, laxative, expectorant and diuretic (latex); dilates bronchial tubes (latex and stem).

Expectorant and prevents stones in the urinary tract; aromatic, acrid, pungent, diuretic and diaphoretic (dried root); antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, resolvent and stomachic (leaves and root)

Pungent and bitter, increases secretion and discharge of urine, purgative, astringent.

Antihemorrhagic, pungent, demulcent, antispasmodic and antihepatotoxic (seed); sudorific, aperient, diaphoretic and gentle laxative (leaf); astringent, bitter, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, hepatic, stimulant, stomachic and tonic (plant)