Antispasmodic, astringent, ophthalmic.

Antispasmodic, astringent, bitter, cardiac depressant, diuretic, emetic, febrifuge, rubefacient and vermifuge (root and stem bark); emmenagogue, bechic, deobstruent and ophthalmic (fruit); astringent (leaves); as a wash for parasitic ulcers, itch, and eruptions (leaves, bark of the trunk, and roots)

Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

Acrid, astringent, digestive, depurative, urinary astringent, ophthalmic, anthelmintic (seed and bark); anticancer, immunosuppressive and stimulates the cardiovascular system (stem).

Antirheumatic, antiseptic, digestive, disinfectant, febrifuge, ophthalmic, poultice and sedative (plant)

Hepatic and ophthalmic (seeds)

Used as liver and kidney tonic, and ophthalmic (seed)

Anodyne, ophthalmic, poultice stomachic.

Anodyne, antispasmodic, antitussive, demulcent, digestive, emollient, expectorant, laxative, ophthalmic, purgative and tonic (herb)

Aperient, carminative, febrifuge, ophthalmic, antiprotozoal, antiviral, anticancer, stimulates the cardiovascular system, respiration and alleviates spasms (root).

Febrifuge (plant); antispasmodic, slightly cholagogue and ophthalmic (flowers and flower buds).

Hypoglycemic (roots and leaves); laxative (plant); ophthalmic (stem)

Astringent, diuretic, ophthalmic, alterative, anabolic, antiseptic, aperient, cyanogenetic, demulcent, depurative, emollient, sudorific, vulnerary, hypoglycemic.

Anodyne, antiphlogistic, antispasmodic, depurative and ophthalmic (flowers, stem)

Antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, carminative, depurative, diaphoretic, febrifuge, ophthalmic, refrigerant and sedative (flower heads).

Abortifacient, contraceptive, diuretic, emmenagogue, ophthalmic, tonic and vulnerary (plant); astringent, diuretic, haemostatic, resolvent and vulnerary (flowers).

Diuretic (leaves); diuretic, galactogogue, laxative and ophthalmic (root); laxative and ophthalmic (bark)

Astringent (fruit and stem bark); acrid, bitter and oleaginous (unripe fruit); cooling, anti-inflammatory, constipating, depurative and febrifuge (bark); diuretic, carminative, laxative, ophthalmic and stypic (leaves); diuretic and aphrodisiac (flowers).

Antirheumatic, aphrodisiac, carminative, expectorant, ophthalmic and vasodilator (whole plant)

Anti-asthmatic, anti-pyretic, anti-rheumatic, febrifuge, galactogogue, haemostatic, ophthalmic and oxytocic (bulb)