Antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, antiviral, aphrodisiac, carminative, deodorant, diuretic, expectorant, immunostimulant, laxative, sedative, stimulant, vermifuge.

Bitter tonic, stomachic, febrifuge, anthelmintic, appetizer, laxative, alterative, antidiarrhoeic, antiperiodic.

Laxative (infusion of young leaves); emmenagogue (plant)

The whole herb is anthelmintic, aromatic, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, sedative and stomachic; laxative and kills nematodes (root); antibacterial (against Gram-positive types) (flower extract)

Antiviral (flower); laxative and reduces fever (fruit pulp); astringent (seed); refrigerants in fevers and as laxatives and carminatives.

Antibacterial, cholagogue, decongestant, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge, galactogogue, laxative and stomachic (plant); anticancer (stem)

All parts of the plant, but especially the root, are slightly aperient, cholagogue, depurative, strongly diuretic, hepatic, laxative, stomachic and tonic. The root is also experimentally cholagogue, hypoglycaemic and a weak antibiotic against yeast infections; antitumor and hypoglycemic (plant); prevents gall and kidney stone formation and aids in eliminating these stones. if present (root and leaf).

Acrid, cooling, laxative, sedative and possess anthelmintic and expectorant (wood).

Anthelmintic, antiseptic, astringent, expectorant, laxative, lithotriptic, rejuvenative, tonic.

Carminative, increases the secretion of gastric juices, laxative and antispasmodic (fruit); lowers blood sugar and antiviral (flower); coagulates semen and stimulates the central nervous system (stem bark); protects the liver.

Laxative, antiperiodic, aperient, purgative and diuretic (root); alleviates spasms (plant).

Antispasmodic, diaphoretic, expectorant, hypotensive, laxative and sedative (flowers)

Laxative (crushed leaves).

Anthelmintic and carminative (flowers); anthelmintic, antitussive, laxative and peptic (seeds)

Anthelmintic (seeds); anodyne, carminative, digestive, laxative and pectoral (plant)

Febrifuge (leaves and stem); antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, antifungal, depurative, emollient, expectorant and laxative (fruit); antibiotic, abortifacient, anti-inflammatory, febrifuge, galactogogue, laxative, oxytocic, sialagogue and uterine tonic (root); antitussive, emollient and expectorant (seed)

Febrifuge (leaf, stem); antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, antifungal, depurative, emollient, expectorant and laxative (fruit); antitussive, emollient and expectorant (seed); antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, febrifuge, galactogogue, laxative, oxytocic, sialagogue and uterine tonic (root)

Antitussive and laxative

Antivinous, bilious, demulcent, discutient, diuretic, emollient, excipient, intoxicant, laxative, useful as a poultice, restorative, sedative

Kills bacteria, antifungal, antiseptic, aperient, depurative, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative and stimulant (leaves); antibiotic (plant)